HENG CHOON (OLIVER) CHAN is an Associate Professor of Criminology at the University of Birmingham, UK. A leading expert in psycho-criminology, his research focusses on sexual homicide, stalking, and Asian criminology. He has published over 100 peer-reviewed articles and book chapters and is the author of multiple books, including A Global Casebook of Sexual Homicide and Psycho-Criminological Approaches to Stalking Behaviour. EVELYN SVINGEN is an Assistant Professor of Criminology at the University of Birmingham, UK, specialising in the biosocial mechanisms of crime and deviant behaviour. She is the author of Evolutionary Criminology and Cooperation: Retribution, Reciprocity, and Crime, in which she developed a new model of criminal behaviour based on evolutionary theory and neuropsychology.

• List of Figures xiiiList of Tables xvBiography of the Editors xviiBiography of the Contributors xxiEndorsements xxvForeword xxvii1 Introduction: Exploring Youth Deviance, Crime, and Justice from a Neuro-psycho-criminological Perspective 1Heng Choon (Oliver) Chan and Evelyn SvingenIntroduction 1The Approach Adopted in This Book 2The Structure of the Book 3Advancing Our Understanding of Youth Deviance, Crime, and Justice from a Neuro-psycho-criminological Approach 5References 6Part 1 Theory and Research 92 Biosocial Criminology: Key Findings and Contributions 11Bridget Joyner-Carpanini and Kevin M. BeaverIntroduction 11Behavioral Genetics 12Genetic Foundations to Antisocial Behavior in Adolescence 15Connecting Behavioral Genetic Research to the Larger Biosocial Literature 19Future Directions and Conclusions 21Main Takeaway Points 22References 223 “The Youth Is Streetwise, Criminally Sophisticated, and Dangerous”: Stepping Stones for Pathological Criminal Behavior 29Matt DeLisiIntroduction 29Childhood Psychopathology 30Behavioral Disorders 32Developmental and Life-Course Criminology/Criminal Careers 35Conclusion 37Main Takeaway Points 39References 404 An Online-Mediated Model of Criminal Motivation: Understanding Youth Deviance, Crime, and Delinquency using Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory 47Neil Shortland and Michael PalmieriIntroduction 47Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory 48Neurological Underpinnings of RST 50Three Pathways of Online-Mediated Youth Deviance 50BAS: Approach Motivation as a Response to Deviant Content Online 50BAS Liking 52BAS Wanting 53BIS: Reactive Approach Motivation as a Motivator of Youth Deviance 54Environmental Influence 55Social Power and BAS Activation 55Online Disinhibition and BAS Activation 57Three Pathways to Youth Deviance 58Conclusions 59Main Takeaway Points 60References 615 Psychological and Neuroscientific Approaches to Understanding the Role of Youth Morality in Rule-Breaking Decision-Making 69Neema Trivedi-BatemanIntroduction 69The Individual-Level (Psychological) Morality Component of the Situational Action Theory of Crime 71Beyond Criminological Research: The Use of Neuroscientific and Psychological Literature to Better Understand Morality and Rule-Breaking 75The Cautionary Use of Neuroscience to Advance Social Scientific Understanding 75The Historical Neglect of Emotion Over Reason in Moral Decision-Making 76Brain Injury, Atypical Moral Decision-Making, and Crime 78Implications for Youth Moral Decision-Making and Intervention Applications 80Conclusion 81Main Takeaway Points 81References 826 Biosocial Etiology of Antisocial Behavior in Children: The Role of Autonomic Activity and Coordination 89Liat Kofler and Yu GaoIntroduction 89Biosocial Interactions 89Physiological Arousal 90Sympathetic (Re)activity 92Parasympathetic (Re)activity 93Potential Explanations for Inconsistencies in the Literature 94Autonomic Coordination 95Conclusion 97Main Takeaway Points 98References 997 Resting-State fMRI Networks in High-Risk Youth with Antisocial Traits: Exploring Neuroconnectivity and Implications for Understanding Disruptive Behavior 109Carmen-Silva SergiouIntroduction 109Current Review 112Resting-State Networks (RSNs) in Youth with Antisocial Traits 113Deficits in Behavioral Processes in Youth with Antisocial Traits 115Resting-State Networks (RSNs) Alterations in Individuals with Antisocial Traits 118Default Mode Network Deficits in Antisocial Behavior 118Salience Network Deficits in Antisocial Behavior 120Early Identification and Intervention 122The Road Ahead 123Conclusion 125Main Takeaway Points 125References 126Part 2 Policy and Practice 1418 Inside the Black Box of the Tit-for-Tat: Exploring the Neuropsychology of Revenge Behaviors in Adolescents 143Evelyn SvingenIntroduction 143Age-Related Changes 145The Neurophysiology of Revenge 146Implicated Regions 146Amygdala Activation in Response to Perceived Threat 146The Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC) and Evaluation of Emotional Responses 148Striatum and Gratification 149Prefrontal Cortex and Decision-Making 150Neurotransmitter Systems and Retaliatory Behaviors 153Serotonin and Aggression 154Dopamine and Reward Processing 155Social Influences 156Peer Relationships and Retaliatory Behaviors 156Family Environment and Upbringing 157Intervention Strategies 159Cognitive-Behavioral Interventions 159Peer Mediation Programs 160Family-Based Interventions 161Conclusion 162Main Takeaway Points 163References 1639 Neurobiological Underpinnings of Treatment Success for High-Risk Children Displaying Antisocial Behavior 181Areti Smaragdi, Thea Johsefine Austevik, Sarah Woods, and Leena K. AugimeriIntroduction 181Cognitive Constructs Associated with Antisocial Behavior 182Self-Control 182Emotion Processing 183Trauma 185The Interaction of Risk Factors 185Brain Plasticity 186Treatment Programs for Children with AB 187The SNAP Model 188The Brain–Behavior Relationship and Intervention Success 189Conclusion 190Main Takeaway Points 191References 19110 The Neurocognitive Perspective of Youth’s Criminal and Deviant Behavior: Exploring the Role of Moral Intelligence 201Arian Petoft and Sepidehsadat TabatabaeiIntroduction 201Conceptualization 203Analyzing Moral Intelligence in Criminal Perception 206Levels of Moral Intelligence Development 209Conclusion 212Main Takeaway Points 213References 21311 The Neurobiological and Psychological Nature of “Adultification”: Implications for Legal Decision-Making in Cases Involving Adolescents 217Isabella Polito and Colleen M. BerryessaIntroduction 217The U.S. Juvenile Justice System 218Developmental Differences Between Adults and Adolescents 219The Adultification of Youth 222The Risks of Adultification and Developmental Vulnerabilities in Court Processes 224Conclusions 229Main Takeaway Points 230References 23112 The Neuroscience of the Age–Crime Curve: Implications for Juvenile Justice Policy and Practice 237Laura Kelly and Evelyn SvingenIntroduction 237Heightened Sensitivity to Rewards in Risk-Taking Behaviors 238Inhibited Self-Control 240Bridging the Gap and Uncovering Within-Group Variations 241Policy Implications: Raising the Minimum Age of Criminal Responsibility 244Policy Implications: The Limits of Individualized and Necessity of Informal Juvenile Justice Interventions 246Conclusion 250Main Takeaway Points 252References 25213 Concluding Remarks 261Evelyn Svingen and Heng Choon (Oliver) ChanIndex 271

HENG CHOON (OLIVER) CHAN is an Associate Professor of Criminology at the University of Birmingham, UK. A leading expert in psycho-criminology, his research focusses on sexual homicide, stalking, and Asian criminology. He has published over 100 peer-reviewed articles and book chapters and is the author of multiple books, including A Global Casebook of Sexual Homicide and Psycho-Criminological Approaches to Stalking Behaviour. EVELYN SVINGEN is an Assistant Professor of Criminology at the University of Birmingham, UK, specialising in the biosocial mechanisms of crime and deviant behaviour. She is the author of Evolutionary Criminology and Cooperation: Retribution, Reciprocity, and Crime, in which she developed a new model of criminal behaviour based on evolutionary theory and neuropsychology.

• List of Figures xiiiList of Tables xvBiography of the Editors xviiBiography of the Contributors xxiEndorsements xxvForeword xxvii1 Introduction: Exploring Youth Deviance, Crime, and Justice from a Neuro-psycho-criminological Perspective 1Heng Choon (Oliver) Chan and Evelyn SvingenIntroduction 1The Approach Adopted in This Book 2The Structure of the Book 3Advancing Our Understanding of Youth Deviance, Crime, and Justice from a Neuro-psycho-criminological Approach 5References 6Part 1 Theory and Research 92 Biosocial Criminology: Key Findings and Contributions 11Bridget Joyner-Carpanini and Kevin M. BeaverIntroduction 11Behavioral Genetics 12Genetic Foundations to Antisocial Behavior in Adolescence 15Connecting Behavioral Genetic Research to the Larger Biosocial Literature 19Future Directions and Conclusions 21Main Takeaway Points 22References 223 “The Youth Is Streetwise, Criminally Sophisticated, and Dangerous”: Stepping Stones for Pathological Criminal Behavior 29Matt DeLisiIntroduction 29Childhood Psychopathology 30Behavioral Disorders 32Developmental and Life-Course Criminology/Criminal Careers 35Conclusion 37Main Takeaway Points 39References 404 An Online-Mediated Model of Criminal Motivation: Understanding Youth Deviance, Crime, and Delinquency using Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory 47Neil Shortland and Michael PalmieriIntroduction 47Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory 48Neurological Underpinnings of RST 50Three Pathways of Online-Mediated Youth Deviance 50BAS: Approach Motivation as a Response to Deviant Content Online 50BAS Liking 52BAS Wanting 53BIS: Reactive Approach Motivation as a Motivator of Youth Deviance 54Environmental Influence 55Social Power and BAS Activation 55Online Disinhibition and BAS Activation 57Three Pathways to Youth Deviance 58Conclusions 59Main Takeaway Points 60References 615 Psychological and Neuroscientific Approaches to Understanding the Role of Youth Morality in Rule-Breaking Decision-Making 69Neema Trivedi-BatemanIntroduction 69The Individual-Level (Psychological) Morality Component of the Situational Action Theory of Crime 71Beyond Criminological Research: The Use of Neuroscientific and Psychological Literature to Better Understand Morality and Rule-Breaking 75The Cautionary Use of Neuroscience to Advance Social Scientific Understanding 75The Historical Neglect of Emotion Over Reason in Moral Decision-Making 76Brain Injury, Atypical Moral Decision-Making, and Crime 78Implications for Youth Moral Decision-Making and Intervention Applications 80Conclusion 81Main Takeaway Points 81References 826 Biosocial Etiology of Antisocial Behavior in Children: The Role of Autonomic Activity and Coordination 89Liat Kofler and Yu GaoIntroduction 89Biosocial Interactions 89Physiological Arousal 90Sympathetic (Re)activity 92Parasympathetic (Re)activity 93Potential Explanations for Inconsistencies in the Literature 94Autonomic Coordination 95Conclusion 97Main Takeaway Points 98References 997 Resting-State fMRI Networks in High-Risk Youth with Antisocial Traits: Exploring Neuroconnectivity and Implications for Understanding Disruptive Behavior 109Carmen-Silva SergiouIntroduction 109Current Review 112Resting-State Networks (RSNs) in Youth with Antisocial Traits 113Deficits in Behavioral Processes in Youth with Antisocial Traits 115Resting-State Networks (RSNs) Alterations in Individuals with Antisocial Traits 118Default Mode Network Deficits in Antisocial Behavior 118Salience Network Deficits in Antisocial Behavior 120Early Identification and Intervention 122The Road Ahead 123Conclusion 125Main Takeaway Points 125References 126Part 2 Policy and Practice 1418 Inside the Black Box of the Tit-for-Tat: Exploring the Neuropsychology of Revenge Behaviors in Adolescents 143Evelyn SvingenIntroduction 143Age-Related Changes 145The Neurophysiology of Revenge 146Implicated Regions 146Amygdala Activation in Response to Perceived Threat 146The Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC) and Evaluation of Emotional Responses 148Striatum and Gratification 149Prefrontal Cortex and Decision-Making 150Neurotransmitter Systems and Retaliatory Behaviors 153Serotonin and Aggression 154Dopamine and Reward Processing 155Social Influences 156Peer Relationships and Retaliatory Behaviors 156Family Environment and Upbringing 157Intervention Strategies 159Cognitive-Behavioral Interventions 159Peer Mediation Programs 160Family-Based Interventions 161Conclusion 162Main Takeaway Points 163References 1639 Neurobiological Underpinnings of Treatment Success for High-Risk Children Displaying Antisocial Behavior 181Areti Smaragdi, Thea Johsefine Austevik, Sarah Woods, and Leena K. AugimeriIntroduction 181Cognitive Constructs Associated with Antisocial Behavior 182Self-Control 182Emotion Processing 183Trauma 185The Interaction of Risk Factors 185Brain Plasticity 186Treatment Programs for Children with AB 187The SNAP Model 188The Brain–Behavior Relationship and Intervention Success 189Conclusion 190Main Takeaway Points 191References 19110 The Neurocognitive Perspective of Youth’s Criminal and Deviant Behavior: Exploring the Role of Moral Intelligence 201Arian Petoft and Sepidehsadat TabatabaeiIntroduction 201Conceptualization 203Analyzing Moral Intelligence in Criminal Perception 206Levels of Moral Intelligence Development 209Conclusion 212Main Takeaway Points 213References 21311 The Neurobiological and Psychological Nature of “Adultification”: Implications for Legal Decision-Making in Cases Involving Adolescents 217Isabella Polito and Colleen M. BerryessaIntroduction 217The U.S. Juvenile Justice System 218Developmental Differences Between Adults and Adolescents 219The Adultification of Youth 222The Risks of Adultification and Developmental Vulnerabilities in Court Processes 224Conclusions 229Main Takeaway Points 230References 23112 The Neuroscience of the Age–Crime Curve: Implications for Juvenile Justice Policy and Practice 237Laura Kelly and Evelyn SvingenIntroduction 237Heightened Sensitivity to Rewards in Risk-Taking Behaviors 238Inhibited Self-Control 240Bridging the Gap and Uncovering Within-Group Variations 241Policy Implications: Raising the Minimum Age of Criminal Responsibility 244Policy Implications: The Limits of Individualized and Necessity of Informal Juvenile Justice Interventions 246Conclusion 250Main Takeaway Points 252References 25213 Concluding Remarks 261Evelyn Svingen and Heng Choon (Oliver) ChanIndex 271

HENG CHOON (OLIVER) CHAN is an Associate Professor of Criminology at the University of Birmingham, UK. A leading expert in psycho-criminology, his research focusses on sexual homicide, stalking, and Asian criminology. He has published over 100 peer-reviewed articles and book chapters and is the author of multiple books, including A Global Casebook of Sexual Homicide and Psycho-Criminological Approaches to Stalking Behaviour. EVELYN SVINGEN is an Assistant Professor of Criminology at the University of Birmingham, UK, specialising in the biosocial mechanisms of crime and deviant behaviour. She is the author of Evolutionary Criminology and Cooperation: Retribution, Reciprocity, and Crime, in which she developed a new model of criminal behaviour based on evolutionary theory and neuropsychology.

• List of Figures xiiiList of Tables xvBiography of the Editors xviiBiography of the Contributors xxiEndorsements xxvForeword xxvii1 Introduction: Exploring Youth Deviance, Crime, and Justice from a Neuro-psycho-criminological Perspective 1Heng Choon (Oliver) Chan and Evelyn SvingenIntroduction 1The Approach Adopted in This Book 2The Structure of the Book 3Advancing Our Understanding of Youth Deviance, Crime, and Justice from a Neuro-psycho-criminological Approach 5References 6Part 1 Theory and Research 92 Biosocial Criminology: Key Findings and Contributions 11Bridget Joyner-Carpanini and Kevin M. BeaverIntroduction 11Behavioral Genetics 12Genetic Foundations to Antisocial Behavior in Adolescence 15Connecting Behavioral Genetic Research to the Larger Biosocial Literature 19Future Directions and Conclusions 21Main Takeaway Points 22References 223 “The Youth Is Streetwise, Criminally Sophisticated, and Dangerous”: Stepping Stones for Pathological Criminal Behavior 29Matt DeLisiIntroduction 29Childhood Psychopathology 30Behavioral Disorders 32Developmental and Life-Course Criminology/Criminal Careers 35Conclusion 37Main Takeaway Points 39References 404 An Online-Mediated Model of Criminal Motivation: Understanding Youth Deviance, Crime, and Delinquency using Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory 47Neil Shortland and Michael PalmieriIntroduction 47Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory 48Neurological Underpinnings of RST 50Three Pathways of Online-Mediated Youth Deviance 50BAS: Approach Motivation as a Response to Deviant Content Online 50BAS Liking 52BAS Wanting 53BIS: Reactive Approach Motivation as a Motivator of Youth Deviance 54Environmental Influence 55Social Power and BAS Activation 55Online Disinhibition and BAS Activation 57Three Pathways to Youth Deviance 58Conclusions 59Main Takeaway Points 60References 615 Psychological and Neuroscientific Approaches to Understanding the Role of Youth Morality in Rule-Breaking Decision-Making 69Neema Trivedi-BatemanIntroduction 69The Individual-Level (Psychological) Morality Component of the Situational Action Theory of Crime 71Beyond Criminological Research: The Use of Neuroscientific and Psychological Literature to Better Understand Morality and Rule-Breaking 75The Cautionary Use of Neuroscience to Advance Social Scientific Understanding 75The Historical Neglect of Emotion Over Reason in Moral Decision-Making 76Brain Injury, Atypical Moral Decision-Making, and Crime 78Implications for Youth Moral Decision-Making and Intervention Applications 80Conclusion 81Main Takeaway Points 81References 826 Biosocial Etiology of Antisocial Behavior in Children: The Role of Autonomic Activity and Coordination 89Liat Kofler and Yu GaoIntroduction 89Biosocial Interactions 89Physiological Arousal 90Sympathetic (Re)activity 92Parasympathetic (Re)activity 93Potential Explanations for Inconsistencies in the Literature 94Autonomic Coordination 95Conclusion 97Main Takeaway Points 98References 997 Resting-State fMRI Networks in High-Risk Youth with Antisocial Traits: Exploring Neuroconnectivity and Implications for Understanding Disruptive Behavior 109Carmen-Silva SergiouIntroduction 109Current Review 112Resting-State Networks (RSNs) in Youth with Antisocial Traits 113Deficits in Behavioral Processes in Youth with Antisocial Traits 115Resting-State Networks (RSNs) Alterations in Individuals with Antisocial Traits 118Default Mode Network Deficits in Antisocial Behavior 118Salience Network Deficits in Antisocial Behavior 120Early Identification and Intervention 122The Road Ahead 123Conclusion 125Main Takeaway Points 125References 126Part 2 Policy and Practice 1418 Inside the Black Box of the Tit-for-Tat: Exploring the Neuropsychology of Revenge Behaviors in Adolescents 143Evelyn SvingenIntroduction 143Age-Related Changes 145The Neurophysiology of Revenge 146Implicated Regions 146Amygdala Activation in Response to Perceived Threat 146The Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC) and Evaluation of Emotional Responses 148Striatum and Gratification 149Prefrontal Cortex and Decision-Making 150Neurotransmitter Systems and Retaliatory Behaviors 153Serotonin and Aggression 154Dopamine and Reward Processing 155Social Influences 156Peer Relationships and Retaliatory Behaviors 156Family Environment and Upbringing 157Intervention Strategies 159Cognitive-Behavioral Interventions 159Peer Mediation Programs 160Family-Based Interventions 161Conclusion 162Main Takeaway Points 163References 1639 Neurobiological Underpinnings of Treatment Success for High-Risk Children Displaying Antisocial Behavior 181Areti Smaragdi, Thea Johsefine Austevik, Sarah Woods, and Leena K. AugimeriIntroduction 181Cognitive Constructs Associated with Antisocial Behavior 182Self-Control 182Emotion Processing 183Trauma 185The Interaction of Risk Factors 185Brain Plasticity 186Treatment Programs for Children with AB 187The SNAP Model 188The Brain–Behavior Relationship and Intervention Success 189Conclusion 190Main Takeaway Points 191References 19110 The Neurocognitive Perspective of Youth’s Criminal and Deviant Behavior: Exploring the Role of Moral Intelligence 201Arian Petoft and Sepidehsadat TabatabaeiIntroduction 201Conceptualization 203Analyzing Moral Intelligence in Criminal Perception 206Levels of Moral Intelligence Development 209Conclusion 212Main Takeaway Points 213References 21311 The Neurobiological and Psychological Nature of “Adultification”: Implications for Legal Decision-Making in Cases Involving Adolescents 217Isabella Polito and Colleen M. BerryessaIntroduction 217The U.S. Juvenile Justice System 218Developmental Differences Between Adults and Adolescents 219The Adultification of Youth 222The Risks of Adultification and Developmental Vulnerabilities in Court Processes 224Conclusions 229Main Takeaway Points 230References 23112 The Neuroscience of the Age–Crime Curve: Implications for Juvenile Justice Policy and Practice 237Laura Kelly and Evelyn SvingenIntroduction 237Heightened Sensitivity to Rewards in Risk-Taking Behaviors 238Inhibited Self-Control 240Bridging the Gap and Uncovering Within-Group Variations 241Policy Implications: Raising the Minimum Age of Criminal Responsibility 244Policy Implications: The Limits of Individualized and Necessity of Informal Juvenile Justice Interventions 246Conclusion 250Main Takeaway Points 252References 25213 Concluding Remarks 261Evelyn Svingen and Heng Choon (Oliver) ChanIndex 271