Cardiovascular System

IAN PEATE is a Visiting Professor at Northumbria University, a Senior Clinical Fellow at the University of Hertfordshire, and a Professorial Fellow at the University of Roehampton. He is also the Editor-in-Chief of the British Journal of Nursing and the Consultant Editor of the Journal of Paramedic Practice and the International Journal of Advancing Practice.

• Preface viiiAcknowledgements x1 Anatomy and Physiology: The Cardiovascular System 1Blood 1Blood Vessels 6Heart 10Conclusion 20Glossary of Terms 20Multiple Choice Questions 21References 232 Cardiovascular Assessment 24The Importance of Cardiovascular Assessment 24Assessing Needs 25Chief Complaint and History of Present Condition 27Family History 27Lifestyle 28Past Medical History 28Physical Examination 28Palpation 29The Blood Pressure 33Chest Examination 34Electrocardiogram 36Assessing Chest Pain 39Conclusion 42Glossary of Terms 42Multiple Choice Questions 43References 443 Myocardial Infarction 46Pathophysiological Changes Associated with Myocardial Infarction 46Epidemiology 48Risk Factors 50Clinical Presentation 51Clinical Investigations 53Diagnosis 53Management 53Reperfusion 54Health Teaching 56Conclusion 57Glossary of Terms 58Multiple Choice Questions 59References 604 Heart Failure 62Pathophysiological Changes Associated with Heart Failure 62Epidemiology 67Risk Factors 67Clinical Presentation 68Clinical Investigations and Diagnosis 70Management 72End of Life Care 73Health Teaching 73Conclusion 74Glossary of Terms 75Multiple Choice Questions 76References 775 Cardiogenic Shock 79Cardiac Arrest 79Epidemiology: Cardiac Arrest 80Risk Factors Associated with Cardiac Arrest 81Guidelines for Adult Basic Life Support 81Shock 83Shock: Signs and Symptoms 86Pathophysiological Changes Associated with Cardiogenic Shock 86Epidemiology 87Risk Factors 88Clinical Presentation 89Clinical Investigations and Diagnosis 89Potential Investigations 89Management 90Health Teaching 90Conclusion 92Glossary of Terms 92Multiple Choice Question 93References 946 Angina 96Stable Angina 96Silent Angina 97Prinzmetal’s Angina 98Microvascular Angina 98Pathophysiological Changes Associated with Angina 99Epidemiology 101Risk Factors 101Clinical Presentation 103Clinical Investigations and Diagnosis 103Management 104Other Interventions 107Health Teaching 107Conclusion 108Glossary of Terms 109Multiple Choice Questions 110References 1117 Hypertension 113Primary and Secondary Hypertension 113Blood Pressure 113The Cardiac Cycle 115Pathophysiological Changes Associated with Hypertension 116Epidemiology 116Risk Factors 116Non-modifiable Risk Factors 116Modifiable Risk Factors 117Clinical Presentation 118Blood Pressure Measurement 120White Coat Syndrome 121Clinical Investigations and Diagnosis 122Management 122Health Teaching 124Conclusion 124Glossary of Terms 125Multiple Choice Questions 126References 1278 Peripheral Arterial Disease 128Pathophysiological Changes Associated with PAD 128Epidemiology 130Risk Factors 130Clinical Presentation 131Clinical Investigations and Diagnosis 131Management 133Pharmacological Interventions 134Surgical and Radiological Interventions 135Amputation 135Prognosis 136Health Teaching 136Conclusion 138Glossary of Terms 138Multiple Choice Questions 139References 140MCQ Answers 142Index 143