IAN PEATE is a Visiting Professor at Northumbria University and Buckinghamshire New University and a Senior Clinical Fellow at the University of Hertfordshire. He is also the Editor-in-Chief of the British Journal of Nursing, and Consultant Editor of the Journal of Paramedic Practice and the International Journal of Advancing Practice.

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• Preface ixAcknowledgements xi1 The Anatomy and Physiology of the Cardiovascular System 1Introduction 1The Cardiovascular System 2The Anatomy and Physiology of the Cardiovascular System 2The Blood Vessels 2Components of Blood 6Characteristics and Composition of Blood 8Functions of Blood 8Formation of Blood Cells 9Red Blood Cells 9White Blood Cells 12Platelets 13Haemostasis and Coagulation 14Blood Groups 14The Lymphatic System 15Lymphatic Organs 17The Size and the Location of the Heart 18Structure of the Heart 19Blood Flow Through the Heart 21Coronary Arteries and Veins 23Conducting System of the Heart 24The Cardiac Cycle 26Cardiac Output 28Nerve Supply to the Heart 28Chemical Regulation of the Heart 29Baroreceptors and the Cardiovascular Centre 30Other Factors Affecting Heart Rate Regulation 30Conclusion 31Glossary of Terms 31Multiple Choice Questions 32References 342 Engaging with Patients and Assessing the Cardiovascular System 35Introduction 35Understanding the Patient's Perspective 35Cultural Sensitivity 35Health Literacy 36Emotional Responses 37Subjective and Objective Data 40Assessing the Cardiovascular System 40History Taking: A Comprehensive Approach to ​Cardiovascular Assessment 41Enhancing Communication During History Taking 45Cardiovascular Examination 45Preparation to Undertake the Assessment 45The Physical Examination 47Inspection 47Palpation 48Auscultation 48Blood Pressure and Pulse 50Peripheral Vascular System 50Special Tests 50Documentation and Interpretation 51Conclusion 51Glossary of Terms 52Multiple Choice Questions 53References 543 Health Promotion 56Introduction 56Cardiovascular Mortality 57Health Promotion 57Key Components of Health Promotion 57Policy Development 57Addressing Socioeconomic Disparities 58Public Health Outcomes 59Urban and Environmental Planning 59Preventive Healthcare and Education 59Health Literacy and Cardiovascular Disease 59Improving Health Literacy to Address Cardiovascular Disease 62Risk Factors Associated with Cardiovascular Disease 64The Role of the Healthcare Practitioner 66Strategies for CVD Health Promotion 67Health Screening 71Supporting Behaviour Change 71Conclusion 73Glossary of Terms 74Multiple Choice Questions 75References 764 Planning Care: Hypertension 79Introduction 79Patient-centred Care 79Shared Decision-making 80Hypertension 81Primary and Secondary Hypertension 82Signs and Symptoms 83Risk Factors 84Assessment 84Planning Care 91Evaluation 94Conclusion 95Glossary of Terms 95Multiple Choice Questions 96References 985 Vital Signs 99Introduction 99Informed Consent 101Assessing Competence to Consent in Cardiovascular Care 101Voluntary Consent in Life-critical Circumstances 101Cultural and Personal Considerations 102The Role of Shared Decision-making 102Ethical Challenges in Cardiovascular Consent 102Procedures 102Blood Pressure 103Lying and Standing Blood Pressure 105Pulse 107Respiration 109Temperature 110Influencing Factors 111Oxygen Saturations 112Factors Affecting Pulse Oximetry 112Preparation and Equipment 113Undertaking Pulse Oximetry 113Interpretation of Results 114Summary of Interpretation 115Raising Concerns When Assessing Vital Signs 117Barriers to Raising Concerns in Cardiovascular Contexts 118Documentation and Communicating Findings 118Post-care 119Conclusion 121Glossary of Terms 121Multiple Choice Questions 122References 1246 The Electrocardiograph 125Introduction 125The Cardiac Cycle 125What It Is – Definition 126Consent and Explanation 128Procedure 129Three-lead ECG 131Five-lead ECG 131Twelve-lead ECG 131The Limb Leads 134Einthoven's Triangle 134Modified 12-lead ECG Placement 136Recording the ECG 136Specialised Types of ECG 137Telemetry 139Interpretation of ECG Results 139Documentation 142Post-care 144Raising Concerns 145Conclusion 146Glossary of Terms 147Multiple Choice Questions 149References 1507 Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation 151Introduction 151What It Is – Definition 151Pathophysiology of Cardiac Arrest 152Pathophysiological Progression of Cardiac Arrest 155Consent and Explanation 157Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Recommended Summary Plan for Emergency Care and Treatment 157Basic Life Support 162Performing Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation 165Continuing Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation 166Using an Automated External Defibrillator 166Signs of Regaining Consciousness 167Advanced Life Support 167Pharmacology in Resuscitation 171Interpretation of Results: Ceasing Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Efforts 172Unequivocal Criteria 173Additional Considerations for Decision-making 173Factors That Should Not Solely Determine Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Termination 173Documentation 174Post-care 175Immediate Post-cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Care 175Care for the Family 175Supporting Healthcare Staff 177Consideration of Organ Donation 178Raising Concerns 178Before Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: Identifying and Addressing Concerns 180During Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: Raising Concerns ​in a High-pressure Environment 180After Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: Reflecting, Reporting ​and Supporting Staff and Families 181Creating a Culture of Openness and Patient-centred Care 181Conclusion 182Glossary of Terms 182Multiple Choice Questions 183References 1858 Medicine Management: The Cardiovascular System 187Introduction 187Medicine Management 187Medicine Optimisation in Practice 188Medicine Management 189Legal, Ethical and Professional Responsibilities 192Pharmacology 195Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and the Cardiovascular System 196Pharmacokinetics in Cardiovascular Drugs 197Pharmacodynamics in Cardiovascular Drugs 198Developing Safe Medicine Management Skills 199Interpretation of Results 200Documentation 200Post-care 204Raising Concerns 205Patient-specific Contraindications 206Conclusion 207Glossary of Terms 207Multiple Choice Questions 209References 210MCQ Answers 212ndex 213

IAN PEATE is a Visiting Professor at Northumbria University and Buckinghamshire New University and a Senior Clinical Fellow at the University of Hertfordshire. He is also the Editor-in-Chief of the British Journal of Nursing, and Consultant Editor of the Journal of Paramedic Practice and the International Journal of Advancing Practice.

Select Guide Rating

• Preface ixAcknowledgements xi1 The Anatomy and Physiology of the Cardiovascular System 1Introduction 1The Cardiovascular System 2The Anatomy and Physiology of the Cardiovascular System 2The Blood Vessels 2Components of Blood 6Characteristics and Composition of Blood 8Functions of Blood 8Formation of Blood Cells 9Red Blood Cells 9White Blood Cells 12Platelets 13Haemostasis and Coagulation 14Blood Groups 14The Lymphatic System 15Lymphatic Organs 17The Size and the Location of the Heart 18Structure of the Heart 19Blood Flow Through the Heart 21Coronary Arteries and Veins 23Conducting System of the Heart 24The Cardiac Cycle 26Cardiac Output 28Nerve Supply to the Heart 28Chemical Regulation of the Heart 29Baroreceptors and the Cardiovascular Centre 30Other Factors Affecting Heart Rate Regulation 30Conclusion 31Glossary of Terms 31Multiple Choice Questions 32References 342 Engaging with Patients and Assessing the Cardiovascular System 35Introduction 35Understanding the Patient's Perspective 35Cultural Sensitivity 35Health Literacy 36Emotional Responses 37Subjective and Objective Data 40Assessing the Cardiovascular System 40History Taking: A Comprehensive Approach to ​Cardiovascular Assessment 41Enhancing Communication During History Taking 45Cardiovascular Examination 45Preparation to Undertake the Assessment 45The Physical Examination 47Inspection 47Palpation 48Auscultation 48Blood Pressure and Pulse 50Peripheral Vascular System 50Special Tests 50Documentation and Interpretation 51Conclusion 51Glossary of Terms 52Multiple Choice Questions 53References 543 Health Promotion 56Introduction 56Cardiovascular Mortality 57Health Promotion 57Key Components of Health Promotion 57Policy Development 57Addressing Socioeconomic Disparities 58Public Health Outcomes 59Urban and Environmental Planning 59Preventive Healthcare and Education 59Health Literacy and Cardiovascular Disease 59Improving Health Literacy to Address Cardiovascular Disease 62Risk Factors Associated with Cardiovascular Disease 64The Role of the Healthcare Practitioner 66Strategies for CVD Health Promotion 67Health Screening 71Supporting Behaviour Change 71Conclusion 73Glossary of Terms 74Multiple Choice Questions 75References 764 Planning Care: Hypertension 79Introduction 79Patient-centred Care 79Shared Decision-making 80Hypertension 81Primary and Secondary Hypertension 82Signs and Symptoms 83Risk Factors 84Assessment 84Planning Care 91Evaluation 94Conclusion 95Glossary of Terms 95Multiple Choice Questions 96References 985 Vital Signs 99Introduction 99Informed Consent 101Assessing Competence to Consent in Cardiovascular Care 101Voluntary Consent in Life-critical Circumstances 101Cultural and Personal Considerations 102The Role of Shared Decision-making 102Ethical Challenges in Cardiovascular Consent 102Procedures 102Blood Pressure 103Lying and Standing Blood Pressure 105Pulse 107Respiration 109Temperature 110Influencing Factors 111Oxygen Saturations 112Factors Affecting Pulse Oximetry 112Preparation and Equipment 113Undertaking Pulse Oximetry 113Interpretation of Results 114Summary of Interpretation 115Raising Concerns When Assessing Vital Signs 117Barriers to Raising Concerns in Cardiovascular Contexts 118Documentation and Communicating Findings 118Post-care 119Conclusion 121Glossary of Terms 121Multiple Choice Questions 122References 1246 The Electrocardiograph 125Introduction 125The Cardiac Cycle 125What It Is – Definition 126Consent and Explanation 128Procedure 129Three-lead ECG 131Five-lead ECG 131Twelve-lead ECG 131The Limb Leads 134Einthoven's Triangle 134Modified 12-lead ECG Placement 136Recording the ECG 136Specialised Types of ECG 137Telemetry 139Interpretation of ECG Results 139Documentation 142Post-care 144Raising Concerns 145Conclusion 146Glossary of Terms 147Multiple Choice Questions 149References 1507 Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation 151Introduction 151What It Is – Definition 151Pathophysiology of Cardiac Arrest 152Pathophysiological Progression of Cardiac Arrest 155Consent and Explanation 157Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Recommended Summary Plan for Emergency Care and Treatment 157Basic Life Support 162Performing Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation 165Continuing Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation 166Using an Automated External Defibrillator 166Signs of Regaining Consciousness 167Advanced Life Support 167Pharmacology in Resuscitation 171Interpretation of Results: Ceasing Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Efforts 172Unequivocal Criteria 173Additional Considerations for Decision-making 173Factors That Should Not Solely Determine Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Termination 173Documentation 174Post-care 175Immediate Post-cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Care 175Care for the Family 175Supporting Healthcare Staff 177Consideration of Organ Donation 178Raising Concerns 178Before Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: Identifying and Addressing Concerns 180During Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: Raising Concerns ​in a High-pressure Environment 180After Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: Reflecting, Reporting ​and Supporting Staff and Families 181Creating a Culture of Openness and Patient-centred Care 181Conclusion 182Glossary of Terms 182Multiple Choice Questions 183References 1858 Medicine Management: The Cardiovascular System 187Introduction 187Medicine Management 187Medicine Optimisation in Practice 188Medicine Management 189Legal, Ethical and Professional Responsibilities 192Pharmacology 195Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and the Cardiovascular System 196Pharmacokinetics in Cardiovascular Drugs 197Pharmacodynamics in Cardiovascular Drugs 198Developing Safe Medicine Management Skills 199Interpretation of Results 200Documentation 200Post-care 204Raising Concerns 205Patient-specific Contraindications 206Conclusion 207Glossary of Terms 207Multiple Choice Questions 209References 210MCQ Answers 212ndex 213