Introduction to Cities

KRISTA E. PAULSEN is Professor in the School of Public Service at Boise State University. She earned her PhD in Sociology from the University of California at Santa Barbara and has authored multiple books and articles in urban sociology. Her research examines change and stability in cities using qualitative and community-engaged methods. XIANGMING CHEN is Paul E. Raether Distinguished Professor of Global Urban Studies and Sociology at Trinity College, Connecticut. A comparative scholar of cities, his research addresses how cities change through the intersection of local factors and global forces, shaped by national policies and infrastructure development. ANTHONY M. ORUM is retired from the Departments of Sociology and Political Science at the University of Illinois at Chicago. He served as Founding Editor of City & Community from 2002 to 2009 and as Editor-in-Chief of The Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Urban and Regional Studies. He held a Fulbright Award at Fudan University in Shanghai.

• Preface ixList of Illustrations xList of Tables xviiList of Boxes xviiiAbout the Authors xixAcknowledgements xxAbout the Companion Website xxiiPart I Foundations 11 Cities as places and spaces 2Cities as places 6Box 1.1 Studying the city 7Identity, community, and security 10Places as the site of our identity 10Places as the site of community 11Places as sites of security 13Human beings make and remake places 13Box 1.2 Planning and building the city 16Place and space 17Box 1.3 Making the city better 20Cities shape the fates of human beings 21Cities reflect changes in the contexts around them 222 Social theories of urban space and place: The early perspectives 26The social and theoretical roots of modern urban theory 27Box 2.1 Studying the city 29Early European Theories: Tönnies and Simmel 30Ferdinand Tönnies: Community and society 30Box 2.2 Planning and building the city 31Georg Simmel: The metropolis and mental life 32The Chicago School of Sociology 34The city as social space 35The city as concentric zones 36Assessing concentric zone theory 38Human ecology 38Life in the city as a way of life 40Box 2.3 Making the city better 42W.E.B. DuBois and the importance of race in the city 43Evaluating early social theories of urban life 453 Social theories of urban space and place: Contemporary perspectives 49A break with the past 50Theoretical descendants of Marx 50Manuel Castells and the urban question 50David Harvey: Injustice and inequality in the city 51Box 3.1 Making the city better 52John Logan and Harvey Molotch: The city as a growth machine 54Further reflections: Marx and the critique of modern cities 55The return to place and the turn to culture 56Jane Jacobs and the discovery of community in the modern metropolis 56Box 3.2 Studying the city 57Sharon Zukin and the turn to culture and consumption 59From spaces of production to spaces of consumption 61Going global 63The rise of the global city and its metamorphosis 63Box 3.3 Planning and building the city 65A turn to the Global South and East 67Evaluating theories of the city 684 Methods and rules for the study of cities 73Validity and reliability in the study of cities 74Box 4.1 Studying the city 77Cities and the question of numbers 78The city as a case study 79The city as a stereotypical or prototypical case 80Ethnographic and historical case studies 84Box 4.2 Studying the city 85Urban analytics 87Box 4.3 Studying the city 90From one to multiple cases 91Theory, methods, and insights 92Part II The Development of Urban Spaces and Places 975 Cities as dynamic spaces 98Cities as dynamic spaces 99Remaking the metropolis 99Planning and metropolitan development 102Box 5.1 Planning and building the city 105Toward a postindustrial metropolis 106Deindustrialization and urban transformation 106The origins and impacts of global competition 107The implications of deindustrialization for place and space 109A changing urban landscape and hierarchy? 110Los Angeles: The prototype of the postwar metropolis 111Box 5.2 Studying the city 115The metropolis’s increasing scale and complexity 116Infrastructure and technology as new codrivers of city- making 118Box 5.3 Making the city better 120Making sense of the changing metropolis 1216 Housing and neighborhoods 126Housing and neighborhoods in urban places 127Housing, home, and neighborhood: Fundamental concepts 127Housing across time and space 129Box 6.1 Planning and building cities 129Housing in the early industrial city 130Suburban expansion 132Housing and neighborhoods in context: Policy and markets 136The politics of housing policies 136The implications of planning and zoning for housing and neighborhoods 137Privatization and gated communities 139Planning, policy, and discrimination in the United States 140Markets and financial contexts 142Housing for all: Challenges and solutions 144Box 6.2 Making the city better 145Housing instability and homelessness 145Box 6.3 Studying the city 147Part III Power and Inequality in Cities 1577 Difference and inequality in urban places 158How difference and inequality matter 159Racial segregation and inequality 159Box 7.1 Studying the city 161Origins of segregation in the US 163Social class and place 165Social class in the industrial metropolis 165Gentrification and the remaking of the metropolis 166New dimensions of gentrification 169Place and the distribution of opportunity 170Gender and sexuality in the metropolis 174Gender and place 174LGBT+ neighborhoods 175Box 7.2 Making the city better 176Difference, inequality, and place 179Box 7.3 Planning and building the city 1808 Migration’s impact on cities 187Migration in context 189Migration to the United States and Canada 189Migration to and within Europe 192China’s unprecedented migration 194Sociological approaches to cities and migration 196Immigrant assimilation: The influence of the Chicago School 196Box 8.1 Studying the city 197Ethnic enclaves: Places created by and for immigrants 199Ethnic enclaves across time and place: Case studies 201Five Points, New York City 202Pilsen/Little Village, Chicago 204Baishizhou, Shenzhen 206Changing immigrant gateways 207Box 8.2 Planning and building the city 208Box 8.3 Making the city better 210Urban migration in a shifting political context 2129 Power, authority, and conflict in cities 220The institutional contexts of power and authority 221States and markets 221The global economy and neoliberalism 222Cities today as contested spaces 224The nature of local governance and politics 225Box 9.1 Making the city better 226Local authorities and marginalized peoples 229Racial minorities and local authorities 230The homeless and local authorities 231Box 9.2 Planning and building the city 232The very poor and local authorities 233Contesting mistreatment by local authorities 234Box 9.3 Studying the city 235Major contests over deep meanings and spaces in the metropolis 237Jerusalem: The quintessential contested city 237The contested spaces of Berlin 239Considering power and space in urban contexts 241Part IV Cities in a New Era of Globalization 24710 Urbanization and cities in developing countries 248Urbanization 249The basic path of urbanization and its impact on place 249Developing- country cities in historical perspective 251Box 10.1 Studying the city 251The basic dimensions of urbanization 253Urban hierarchy 253Urban primacy 254Over- urbanization versus under- urbanization 255Natural increase and in- migration 257From process and system to place 258A profile with multiple wrinkles 258Megacities as places: Opportunities and challenges 259Size and density 259Creating wealth and sustaining poverty 260Box 10.2 Making the city better 262The developing megacity as a lived place 263Governing the megacities 266Box 10.3 Planning and building the city 267Reassessing the developing- country city 26811 Cities in the global economy 275Cities in a globalizing world: theoretical background 276Emerging cities in the global economy 277Yiwu, China: The world’s central hub for small merchandise 277Rajarhat, India: A tech city on the metropolitan edge 279Re- emerging cities in the global economy 280Hamburg, Germany: Prosperity, challenges, and re- emergence 280Shanghai: Global rise from local renaissance 283Deeper and higher into the global economy 285Dongguan, China: From a rural township into a world factory- city 286Box 11.1 Studying the city 287Dubai, United Arab Emirates: From a desert outpost to an urban miracle 289Cities in a networked and fragmented global economy 290The regional dimension and reconfiguration of cities 291The (re)emergence of regional- urban corridors 292City differentiation in a changing world 294Box 11.2 Planning and building the city 295Individual flexibility under systematic constraint 296The new regional corridorization of cities 297Box 11.3 Making the city better 298Part V Changes and Challenges for Resilient Cities 30512 Cities in a rapidly changing climate 306Cities and the natural environment 307Cities’ reliance on nature 307Risk, hazard, and disaster 309Challenges and inequities in urban environments 311Resources and pollution 311Box 12.1 Studying the city 312Inequitable distributions of risks 314Box 12.2 Making the city better 315Cities in a changing climate 319Cities’ contributions to climate change 320The changing profile of disaster 320Climate adaptation and mitigation 323Rebuilding vulnerable cities 324Box 12.3 Planning and building the city 325Sustainability, resilience, and a “just transition” 32713 The post- pandemic city 336Why revisit the pandemic? 337The pandemic as an urban crisis 337Wuhan: The original epicenter 340Box 13.1 Making the city better 342New York City: Ground Zero, again 343Economic implications 345Implications for urban space and infrastructure 346Changes and challenges in gathering 346The remote work revolution 348Box 13.2 Studying the city 350Lingering implications of new work and social patterns 352Implications for small and midsized cities 354Fleeing the city 354The increasing appeal of midsized cities 355Box 13.3 Planning and building the city 356Looking ahead and planning for resilience 358Glossary 368Index 376