Wiley Blackwell Companion to the City, Retail, and Consumption

DANIEL PAIVA is a Researcher at the Centre of Geographical Studies, University of Lisbon, and Coordinator of ZOE – Urban and Regional Changes and Policies Research Group. His work on affective urbanism in consumption, tourism, and leisure has appeared in leading international journals. He is the author of Affective Urbanism and co-editor of Ambiance, Tourism and the City. PEDRO GUIMARÃES is an Assistant Professor at the Institute of Geography and Spatial Planning, University of Lisbon, and Coordinator of the ZOE Research Group. His research on urban and retail studies includes more than three dozen indexed publications and leadership in the GreenCCircuit project. He received the 2021 Lisbon University Scientific Prize in Geography and Territory.

• List of Contributors xviii1 Introduction 1Daniel Paiva and Pedro GuimarãesIntroduction 1Changing Contemporary Retail Landscapes 2Changing Consumption Practices 4The Digitalization of Urban Retail and Consumption 6The Governance of Urban Consumption Spaces 8The Contents of this Companion 9References 13Part 1 New Readings on Contemporary Retail Landscapes 172 The Recent Transformation of Central Squares: On the Interrelation Between Retail, Recreation and Mobility 19Mattias KärrholmFrom Market Squares to Parking 20Pedestrianization, Public Transport, and Entertaining the Crowds 22On Recent Transformations 25References 293 Towards a Research Agenda for High Street Atmospheres 32Chloe SteadmanIntroduction 32Experiencing the High Street 33Sensory Experience 33Customer Journeys 34Atmospheres of High Street Attractions 35Retail and Service Outlets 36Markets 38Urban Squares 39Events 40A Research Agenda for High Street Atmospheres 41How to Measure High Street Atmospheres 41How to Boost High Street Atmospheres 43How Policy Influences High Street Atmospheres 44Conclusions 45References 464 Eventification and Urban Branding 52Waldemar CudnyIntroduction 52Place Marketing: A Neoliberal Approach to Urban Management 53City Branding as a Policy 55Events and Eventification 57Events 57Eventification 60Event-driven City Branding: A Case for Eventification 62Conclusions 67References 695 Reinventing Shanghai’s Shopping Centers in the Post- Covid Digital Era: A Tale of Creative Destruction 74Fujie Rao, Weiting Qin, and Yiwen LiuDesires 76The Proliferation of Shopping Centers 77The Surge of Online Retailing 79Adaptations 80Reconfiguration of Brick-and-mortar Retailing 81Expansion of Online Retailing into the Physical Space 83Trends 85Creative Reinvention 86Destruction to Sustainable Urban Transitions 87What’s Next? 88Acknowledgements 89References 896 ‘Consuming Heritage’ in Tianjin’s Former International Concessions: Leisure, Tourism, and Experiential Shopping, Between the Local and the Global 92Maria Gravari- Barbas, Chensi Shen, Yue Lu, and Sandra GuinandIntroduction 92Retail and the Commodification of Culture 94Geographical Imaginaries 94Exoticism and Authenticity in Tourist and Commercial Settings 94Commodification of Culture and Retail 96Consuming Hybrid and Exotic Products in Former Concessions 96Heritage, Creativity, and Experiential Shopping in Wudadao, Tianjin 97Wudadao, a Part of the Former English Concession in Tianjin 97Wudadao as the Theatre of Creative Commerce in a (Reinvented) Heritage Context 98Selling Hybrid Exoticism in Wudadao 100Wudadao, the Former British Concession, an Exotic Heterotopia for Consumption 101Setting Up an Exotic Stage: Travelling Around Utopia World in the Former Concession 102A Blended Cultural Representation: Middle Class with Global Consumption Tastes 105A Social Media-Triggered Local Turn: The Combination of Local Characteristics and Exotic Imaginations 107Conclusion 109References 1107 Retail Ruins, Revisited 114Jacob C. MillerIntroduction 114Retail Ruins 115Ruin Atmospheres and Dead Malls 118Ruination, and Then What? 122Community-led Development and Radical Approaches 124Observing and Photographing Retail Ruins 126Conclusion 130References 1318 Key Actors and Factors in the Evolution and Diversification of Shopping Malls in Mexico City 135José Gasca ZamoraIntroduction 135Actors and Drivers of Shopping Mall Diversification 136Developers and Financiers 139Diversification of Content, Function, and Morphology 143Big Boxes with Anchor Department Stores 143Retail Complexes and New Leisure-entertainment Options 145Multi-scale and Multi-functional Models with High Leisure and Entertainment Content 146Conclusions 151References 1529 The Production of Space and Sociospatial Fragmentation of Consumption Places 155Cláudio Smalley Soares PereiraIntroduction 155Production of Space and Urbanization According to Henri Lefebvre 156Sociospatial Fragmentation and Consumption Based on the Production of Space 159Sociospatial Fragmentation and Consumption as a New Urban Condition in Latin America 164Final Considerations 170Acknowledgements 171References 172Part 2 New Perspectives on Changing Consumption Practices 17510 Urban Consumption, Inequality, and Social Conflict 177Daniel PaivaIntroduction 177Consumption and the Urban Structure 178Consumption and Urban Transformation 180Social Consequences of the Consumption-oriented City 182Consumption and Conflict 184Conflict as an Object of Consumption 185Conclusion 187References 18811 Retail, Consumption, and Gender 193Liliana De SimoneIntroduction 193Gender in the City 194The Sexual Division of the Public Sphere 195Consumer Activities in a Gendered Environment: A Historical Perspective 196Women and Modern Consumption 199The Department Store and the Invention of the Shopping Day 200To See and to Be Seen at the Supermarket 202The Shopping Mall as a Safe Space for Female Consumers and Caregivers 203Consumption as an Empowering and Emancipatory Act 205Conclusions on Intersectionality, Retail, and the City 208References 20912 Ethnic Retail Clusters in Helsinki: From Ethnification of Poverty to Socio- Economic Resilience 212Hossam Hewidy and Johanna LiliusIntroduction 212Ethnic Retail Cluster: A Sign of Resilience? 214Strip Malls and Competition 215Authenticity, Retail, and Place Making 217Retail Gentrification and Spatial Justice 220Conclusion: Socio-Economic Resilience Amidst Gentrification Threats 221References 22313 Beyond Bricks and Mortar: The Evolving Neighbourhood Commercial Landscape in Toronto 229Zhixi Cecilia ZhuangIntroduction 229The Past: Major Character and Historical Changes of Toronto’s Commercial Landscape 231The Present: Retaining Neighbourhood Commercial Spaces 234BIAs as Place-makers 235Creating New Commercial Spaces via Public-Private Partnership and Social Enterprise 236Community Development Initiatives 238The Future of Neighbourhood Retailing: Emerging Trends, Innovations, and Strategies 239Conclusion 243Acknowledgements 245References 24514 Consuming an Urban Experience – Contemporary Applications of Pedestrianization and Public Space 248Kelly GreggIntroduction 248Contemporary Ideas and Expectations for – Public Space, Social Connections, Urban Life, and Pedestrian Streets 249Twentieth-century Ideas and Expectations for Pedestrianization 252Contemporary Pedestrianization an Array of Example Cases 254Space of Urban Vitality, Regeneration, and Gentrification – The Fulton Street Mall in Brooklyn, NY 254Spaces of Tactical Experimentation, Climate Change Adaptation, Residential Individualization, and Traffic Limitation –Shared Streets and Green Streets in Antwerp, Belgium 256Spaces of Local Retail, Neighbourhood Identity, and Seasonal Pedestrianization –Summer Pedestrian Streets in Montréal, Canada 258Conclusion 259References 26115 Consumption and Urban Emotions in a Changing Climate 264Marcia Alves Soares da Silva and Diogo Marcelo Delben Ferreira de LimaIntroduction 264Emotions and Atmospheres in Experiences of Consuming 266Atmospheres and Consumption 267Climatic-Affective Atmospheres: Consumption and Thermal Landscapes 269The Atmospheric Experience in Cuiabá: Brazil’s Hottest Capital 272Consumption in Cuiabá’s Atmosphere 274Conclusion 280References 28116 From No- Go to Must- See: Squatting, Touristification, and Fragile Atmospheres in Ljubljana 285Sandi Abram and Nathan SiegristIntroduction 285A Very Brief History of Squatting and New Advances 287Designing and Staging Atmospheres in Ljubljana 290‘They don’t accept us because they see us as a hand from the city’: Tourism and Atmospheric Transformations in Metelkova 292‘For me, the most important place in the city is Metelkova’: Official Discourses on Designing Atmospheres in Metelkova 294‘This touristification will probably be the end of Metelkova, right?’: Squatters’ Perceptions of the Fragile Atmospheres 296‘Top concerts, top atmosphere, great people, close to the center, … do not miss it!’: Metelkova, Reviewed 298Concluding Discussion 300Acknowledgements 301References 30117 Indulgent Sounds. Listening to Sonic Strategies to Foster Consumption Within Entertainment Neighbourhoods 306Nicola Di CroceIntroduction 306The Aestheticization of Public Space 307Sonic Experience in Urban Spaces 308Contextualizing Montreal’s Entertainment Neighbourhood 309Listening to and Recording Entertainment 310How Music Transforms the Everyday Experience of QDS 314When Music Is ‘turned on’ 314When Music Is ‘turned off’ 315Conclusion 316References 31918 Commensality, Consumption, and Conviviality: Foodification and Urban Transformation in Funchal 323Carlos Diogo GomesIntroduction 323The Postmodern City – Challenges of Touristification and Foodification 324Methodology 327Case Study 329The Transformation of the Urban and Commercial Landscape in Funchal 330Urban Context of the Historic Centre 330Catering, Foodification, and Commensality 333Conclusion 335References 337Part 3 The Digitalization of Urban Retail and Consumption 34119 Digital Platforms and Retail Digitalization 343Sina Hardaker and Han ChuIntroduction 343Digital Platforms and E-Commerce 344From ‘matchmakers’ to So-called ‘market makers’ – Advantages and Disadvantages 345Emerging Trend – Social Commerce 347Transforming Consumer Engagement and Empowering Sellers and Entrepreneurs 348Digital Platforms Offering Personalized Shopping Experiences 348The Role of Digital Platforms in Empowering Sellers and Entrepreneurs and Reconfiguring Value Chains 349Reorganizing Value Chains 349Influencing Urban Governance and Local Economies 350Digitalization Deficit Among Traditional Retailers 350The Impact of Digital Platforms on the Urban Retail Model 351The Effects of Digital Platforms on Local, Rural, and Cross-border Economies 353Challenges and Future Directions 355References 35620 The Impact of Prosumers on the Platform Economy 362Daniela FerreiraIntroduction 362New Era of Engagement and Prosumption 363Facing the Challenges Posed by Prosumption 366The Different Intensities of Online Presence 366Promotional Campaigns and a New Type of Consumer 368Rankings and Online Visibility 369Conclusion 372Acknowledgements 374References 37421 Transformations in Retail in the Digital Age: Dark Stores, Brick- and- Mortar Retailers, and Emerging Logistics Dynamics 376Pedro Guimarães and Nuno RodriguesIntroduction 376From Brick-and-mortar to Omnichannel 377The Rise of E-commerce Platforms 380Dark Stores 382Dark Stores in Lisbon 383Lisbon: Actors and Their Evolution During the Pandemic 383New Consumption Practices and Their Urban and Social Challenges 385Conclusions 387References 38822 Brick- and- mortar and E- commerce: Places, Links, and Consumer Perspectives 395Julie Horáková and Outi UusitaloIntroduction 395Places and Links in the Urban Landscape 396Emotional Connections 398Functional Connections 399Social Connections 400Retail Stores in the Online Era 401Brick-and-Mortar Stores in the Urban Landscape 402Retail Strips 403Shopping Malls 404Power Centres 405From Brick-and-Mortar to E-commerce 406Conclusions 407Acknowledgements 408References 40823 Perception and Consumption of Extended Reality (XR) Content in Urban Spaces 413Maciej GłówczyńskiIntroduction 413Extended Realities of Smart Cities 414XR Content Perception and Consumption Through Location-based AR Mobile Games 416Modes of Interaction with Real World Environments in AR 418Physical World as Part of the Game Experience 420A Feeling of Being with Other Players 422Conclusions 423Acknowledgements 425References 42524 Consuming Place through Location- Based Games 429Jack LoweIntroduction 429Consuming Place Through Digital and Locative Media 430Research Context: Pokémon GO and The Timekeeper’s Return 433Pokémon GO 434The Timekeeper’s Return 435Place as Data: The Commodification of Specificity 435Place as Narrative: The Value of Embodied Experience 439Conclusion 442References 44325 Phygitalization: The New Frontier of Neighborhood Retail in the Omnichannel Era 446Herculano CachinhoIntroduction 446Physical Retail in the Era of Digitalization: Challenges and Changes 447Phygitalization: The New Frontier of Retail and Consumer Experiences 451Liveable Proximity, Digitalization, and Neighborhood Retail 455Phygitalization: A Pathway to Competitiveness and Resilience of Neighborhood Retail 458Conclusion 462References 463Part 4 The Governance of Urban Consumption Spaces 46926 Retailing and Place Management 471Gary Warnaby and Steve MillingtonIntroduction 471Town Centre Management (TCM) 473Business Improvement Districts (BIDs) 474The Place Management-retailing Interplay 478Discussion: Future Directions in Town/City Centre Development and Management 479Concluding Comments 482References 48327 Retail Policies in Southern European Context 488Libera D’Alessandro and Rosario SommellaIntroduction 488Exploring the Retail Planning Debate 490Europeanization of Retail in Question 493Retail Planning Policies in Transition: Italy in the Context of Southern Europe 495The Italian Normative Framework 497Urban-Commercial Regeneration and Local Retail Planning Policies in Italy 498Preliminary Lessons from the Italian Case: for a ‘Mediterraneanisation’ of Retail Planning Policies 500Acknowledgements 502References 50228 Leaving the City, Embracing the Nation- State: Rethinking ‘Urban’ Policy Mobilities Through the Example of Business Improvement Districts 506Diogo Gaspar Silva and Kevin WardIntroduction 506Business Improvement Districts (BIDs) and the Making of Entrepreneurial Urban Policy Futures: A Brief Overview 508Urban Policy Mobilities: Rendering Urban Policy Futures Intellectually Mobile 510The Place of the Nation-State in Urban Policy Mobilities: Rethinking Scalar Ontologies Through Business Improvement Districts 513Conclusion 517Acknowledgments 519References 51929 Food Retailing and Consumption in Urban Areas 525Leigh SparksIntroduction 525Food Retailing Change 526The Rise of Large Multiple Retailers 527New Formats and Channels in Food Retailing 529The Policy Environment 531Locational Policy, Developments, and Implications 531Broader Social Policy for Food Retailing 532Disruptions to Food Retailing 534Barriers to Movement, e.g. Brexit 535The COVID-19 Pandemic 535The Russian Invasion of Ukraine and Its Food Supply Consequences 536Climate Change 537Consequences, Implications, and the Future of Urban Food Retailing 537References 53930 Retail Capital and Urban Tourism Consumption in Mexico 543Patricia OliveraIntroduction 543Public Policy in the Expansion of Tourism and the New Tourism Cities 545Retail and Real Estate Capital Merged 548Dispersed Resorts, Concentrated Consumption 552Support Villages 557Conclusion 560Acknowledgements 560References 56031 Superblock Barcelona: Implications for the City Retail Structure 564Lluís Frago and Alejandro MorcuendeIntroduction 564Superblock Barcelona as New Urban Era Symptom 567Retail-less Cities as a New Hypothetical City 568Urban Planning, Proximity, and Local Retail 570The Retail Policies in Barcelona, the Superblock, and the Dream of Proximity 571Barcelona Superblock and Its Relationship with Public Space 572The Superblock Barcelona and its Relationship with Consumption 573Conclusion 576References 57732 Complexity in Governance of Commercial City Centres 584Göktuğ Morçöl, Michele Tantardini, and Arifur Rahman BhuiyanIntroduction: Cities as Complex Systems 584Complexity Theory in General 585Complexity in Numbers, Diversity, and Nonlinearity 585Self-organization and Emergence 586System Dynamics and Coevolution 587Implications of Complexity Theory for Urban Theory 587Complexity of Commercial Areas 589Place-Based Economy and Markets 590Multifunctional Urban Centres 591Models of Trip Attraction to Commercial Areas 592Applications of Complexity Theory in Studies of Commercial Areas and Public Space 593Summary, Conclusions, and Policy Implications 595Summary 595Conceptual and Analytical Tools to Study the Complexity of Commercial Areas 596Policy Implications 598References 59933 Afterword: The Death of the Urban Marketplace? 604Sharon Zukin34 Afterword: Focus on Challenges and Adaptations 609Teresa Barata- SalgueiroIntroduction 609Places 610People 612Empowered Consumers 612Leading Actors 613Perspectives 614References 616Index 617