Suvardhan Kanchi, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Chemistry at Christ University, India, with over ten years of experience in teaching and research and development. He has published eight patents and over 150 papers in national and international journals and has participated in several international conferences. His research interests include smart materials, nanodiagnostics, nanoelectrochemistry, and green nanotechnology. Ayyappa Bathinapatla, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Chemistry at CMR Institute of Technology, Bangalore, India. He has published over 20 articles in national and international journals, two book chapters, and six patents in addition to attending and presenting at international conferences. His research interests include engineering chemistry, electrochemical biosensors, and nanomaterials for energy and environmental applications. Anitha Varghese, PhD, is a professor and the Head of the Department of Chemistry, Christ University, Bangalore, India. She has published over 150 articles in national and international journals and seven patents, co-edited one book, and presented at over 40 international conferences. Her main research focus is on the development of electrochemical sensors, electrorganic synthesis, electrocatalytic oxidation reactions, electrochemical synthesis, and characterization of novel mono/bimetallic nanocluster electrocatalysts. Phumlane Selby Mdluli, PhD, is a Head of the Health Platform at Mintek and a National Research Foundation C2-rated researcher with over 15 years of industry and teaching experience. He was trained at Diagnostic Consultation and Biodot in California to develop and commercialize in vitro diagnostic devices. He has published 70 publications in peer-reviewed journals and book chapters. At Mintek, his role involves the development of rapid diagnostic assays and supervising postgraduate students in nanoscience and nanotechnology.

• Preface xv1 Biosensor Technology: Basic Principles, Fundamentals, and History 1Mariyam Thomas, Mathew George, Derry Holaday M. G. and P. J. Jandas1.1 Introduction 2References 202 Design and Synthesis of Novel Nanomaterials Emphasizing Infectious Diseases 23Prasann Kumar and Joginder Singh2.1 Introduction 242.2 Antifungal Therapy 262.3 Cutting-Edge Advances in Tailoring the Size, Shape, and Functionality of Nanoparticles and Nanostructures 282.4 Gold Silver Nanoparticle to Combat Multi-Drug Resistant Pathogen 302.5 Mechanism of Gold Silver Nanoparticle to Combat Multi-Drug Resistant Pathogen 312.6 MXenes and Borophene Nanomaterials: Highly Efficient Sensor Activity and Energy Storage Properties 342.7 Immunomodulatory Nanosystems 392.8 Lateral Flow Assays (LFAs) 402.9 Metal-Organic Framework (MOF) 432.10 Microfluidic Devices: For Detecting Disease-Specific Proteins 452.11 Comprehensive Overview of Nanomaterials in the Context of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis 472.12 Graphene Oxide (GO): A Two-Dimensional (2D) Nanomaterial 55Conclusion 65Future Prospect 66Acknowledgement 67Authors’ Contributions 68References 683 Role of Nanomaterials in the Development of Nanobiosensors for Infectious Diseases 75Ayyappa Bathinapatla, Ravikumar Mulpuri, Aseena Azeez and Suvardhan Kanchi3.1 Introduction 763.2 Designing Biosensor for SARS-CoV-2 833.3 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 112References 1134 Nanobiosensors: Versatile Tool for Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases 121Prasann Kumar and Joginder Singh4.1 Introduction 1224.2 Nanobiosensors as Promising Devices for the Diagnosis of Coronavirus Family Members 1234.3 Nanobiosensors for Plant Analysis 1294.4 Three-Way Junctions Skeleton of Biosensor 1354.5 The SpACE-CCM: Biosensor for Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Spike-ACE2 Interaction 1424.6 Wearable Biosensor Nano and Microsystems Have Emerged as Innovative Solutions for Medical Diagnostics 1464.7 Biosensors are Analytical Devices 1534.8 Conclusion 159Acknowledgement 160Authors’ Contributions 160References 1605 Trends in the Development of Immunosensors for the Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases 173Stephen Rathinaraj Benjamin, Eli José Miranda Ribeiro Júnior, Sam Phinehas Gnana Sekar, Rosa Fireman Dutra and Geanne Matos de Andrade5.1 Introduction 1745.2 Immunosensors 1785.3 Optical Immunosensor 1805.4 Nanomaterials Immunosensor 1835.5 Paper-Based Immunosensors 1855.6 Viral Infectious Diseases 1855.7 Future Perspectives and Conclusion 190Acknowledgements 191References 1916 Electrochemical Nanobiosensors Approaches for Rapid Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases 197Tahmina Foyez and Abu Bin Imran6.1 Introduction 1986.2 Conventional Methods for the Determination of Infectious Pathogens 1996.3 Building Blocks of Biosensor 2026.4 Electrochemical-Based Biosensors 2066.5 Impact of Nanomaterials on Biosensor Performance 2096.6 Noble Metal Nanomaterials 2106.7 Metal Oxide Nanomaterials 2146.8 Carbon Nanomaterials 2166.9 Polymer Nanomaterials 2186.10 Bionanomaterials 2206.11 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 222Acknowledgement 223References 2237 Enzymatic Nanobiosensor Strategies to Contain the Spread of Infectious Diseases 231Soumendu Patra, Harshita Shand, Swarnab Dutta, Rittick Mondal and Suvankar Ghorai7.1 Introduction 2327.2 Components of Enzymatic Biosensor 2337.3 Enzymatic Nanobiosensors for Pathogen Detection 2347.4 Nanozymes 2357.5 Future Aspects 237References 2388 Development of Optical Nanosensors for the Detection of Infectious Diseases 241Ndivhuwo Shumbula, Nosipho Moloto, Phumlane Mdluli and Mbuso Mlambo8.1 Introduction 2428.2 Overview of Biosensor 2438.3 Introduction to Optical Nanosensors 2468.4 Remarks 262References 2659 Aptasensors: Selective and Powerful Tools for Infectious Diseases Diagnosis 279Seele, P. P., Van der Walt, H., Sibuyi, N.R.S. and Maserumule, M.C.9.1 Introduction 2809.2 Aptamers as Selective and Powerful Tools for Diagnostics 2819.3 Synthesis of Aptamers 2889.4 Application of Aptasensors in PoC Diagnostics 2939.5 Aptasensors Impact on Infectious Disease Diagnosis 2969.6 Drawbacks and Potential Future Work 3029.7 Conclusions 303References 30310 Nanobiosensors: A Platform for the Diagnosis of Microbial Pathogens 315Ranjita Misra and Naomi Sanjana Sharath10.1 Introduction 31610.2 Microbial Pathogens 31710.3 Diseases Caused by Pathogens 31910.4 Importance of Pathogen Detection or Disease Diagnosis 32010.5 Biosensors 32210.6 Nanobiosensors as Diagnostic Platform 32310.7 Stabilization of Biomolecules with Nanoparticles 32510.8 Types of Nanoparticles Used in Biosensor Development 32810.9 Challenges and Future Prospects 332Conclusion 333References 33411 Micro/Nanofluidics-Integrated Biosensors for Respiratory Viral Diseases Diagnosis 341Aiswarya Chandrasekaran and G.H.R. Eranga Karunaratne11.1 Introduction 34211.2 Common Respiratory Viruses and Their Detection Components 34311.3 Biosensors 34511.4 Fluidic Technology 34711.5 Applications of Micro/Nanofluidic-Based Biosensors in Respiratory Virus Detection 35211.6 Advantages of Micro/Nanofluidic Diagnosis Tools Over the Other Diagnostic Methods 35611.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 356References 35712 Nanobiosensor System: A Robust Analytical Tool for Pandemics 365Mohammad Harun-Ur-Rashid, Israt Jahan and Abu Bin Imran12.1 Introduction 36612.2 Nanobiosensors for Global Pandemics 36912.3 Nanobiosensors for COVID-19 37512.4 Nanobiosensors for Influenza 37812.5 Nanobiosensors for MERS 38112.6 Nanobiosensors for HIV/AIDS 38312.7 Nanobiosensors for Other Human Viruses 38512.8 Selection and Optimization of Nanomaterials for Nanobiosensors 38712.9 Current Challenges and Prospective Solutions 39112.10 Conclusion 392References 39313 Biosensing Technologies to Improve Neurological Disease Management 401Poojith Nuthalapati, Arjun Singh, Brinda Niravkumar Desai, Preeti Reddy Yendapalli, Reethika Gongireddy, Karan Singh, Bhaswanth Bollu and Dheeraj K. Pinninty13.1 Introduction 40213.2 Trends, Challenges, and the Disease Burden 40413.3 CNS Diseases 40413.4 Utility of Neurobiosensors 40513.5 The Technology Behind Biosensor Development 40613.6 Clinical Applications 41313.7 Conclusion 415References 41614 Nanotechnology-Based Strategies for Improvement of Disease Diagnostic Systems for Future Outbreaks 423Busiswa Dyan, Tintswalo N. Mgwenya, Kamogelo S. Setlolamathe, Phumlane S. Mdluli and Nicole R.S. Sibuyi14.1 Introduction 42414.2 Infectious Disease Outbreaks 42414.3 Pandemic-Potential Priority Diseases for Future Outbreaks 43214.4 Combating Infectious Diseases Through Diagnostics 43414.5 Nanotechnology in Diagnostics 43814.6 Conclusion 440References 44115 Biocompatibility and Toxicity of Nanomaterials in the Designing of Tools for the Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases 449Manju Manuel15.1 Introduction 45015.2 An Overview of Nanomaterials in Infectious Disease Diagnosis 45115.3 Biocompatibility Assessment 45315.4 Mechanism of Nanoparticles in the Infectious Disease Diagnosis 45515.5 In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation Methods of Biocompatibility Analysis 45815.6 Toxicity of Nanomaterials 45815.7 The Environmental and Health Hazards Caused by Nanoparticles 46115.8 The Tools Developed for the Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases 46215.9 Conclusion 464References 46416 Strengthening the Health System of the Communities in the Battle Against Infectious Diseases 469Dinoy Mathew, Anu P. Mathew, Bobby Simon and Ancy Joseph16.1 Introduction 47016.2 Primary Healthcare 47116.3 Impact of COVID-19 on Infectious Diseases and Health Systems 47616.4 Conclusion 480References 480Index 485

Suvardhan Kanchi, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Chemistry at Christ University, India, with over ten years of experience in teaching and research and development. He has published eight patents and over 150 papers in national and international journals and has participated in several international conferences. His research interests include smart materials, nanodiagnostics, nanoelectrochemistry, and green nanotechnology. Ayyappa Bathinapatla, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Chemistry at CMR Institute of Technology, Bangalore, India. He has published over 20 articles in national and international journals, two book chapters, and six patents in addition to attending and presenting at international conferences. His research interests include engineering chemistry, electrochemical biosensors, and nanomaterials for energy and environmental applications. Anitha Varghese, PhD, is a professor and the Head of the Department of Chemistry, Christ University, Bangalore, India. She has published over 150 articles in national and international journals and seven patents, co-edited one book, and presented at over 40 international conferences. Her main research focus is on the development of electrochemical sensors, electrorganic synthesis, electrocatalytic oxidation reactions, electrochemical synthesis, and characterization of novel mono/bimetallic nanocluster electrocatalysts. Phumlane Selby Mdluli, PhD, is a Head of the Health Platform at Mintek and a National Research Foundation C2-rated researcher with over 15 years of industry and teaching experience. He was trained at Diagnostic Consultation and Biodot in California to develop and commercialize in vitro diagnostic devices. He has published 70 publications in peer-reviewed journals and book chapters. At Mintek, his role involves the development of rapid diagnostic assays and supervising postgraduate students in nanoscience and nanotechnology.

• Preface xv1 Biosensor Technology: Basic Principles, Fundamentals, and History 1Mariyam Thomas, Mathew George, Derry Holaday M. G. and P. J. Jandas1.1 Introduction 2References 202 Design and Synthesis of Novel Nanomaterials Emphasizing Infectious Diseases 23Prasann Kumar and Joginder Singh2.1 Introduction 242.2 Antifungal Therapy 262.3 Cutting-Edge Advances in Tailoring the Size, Shape, and Functionality of Nanoparticles and Nanostructures 282.4 Gold Silver Nanoparticle to Combat Multi-Drug Resistant Pathogen 302.5 Mechanism of Gold Silver Nanoparticle to Combat Multi-Drug Resistant Pathogen 312.6 MXenes and Borophene Nanomaterials: Highly Efficient Sensor Activity and Energy Storage Properties 342.7 Immunomodulatory Nanosystems 392.8 Lateral Flow Assays (LFAs) 402.9 Metal-Organic Framework (MOF) 432.10 Microfluidic Devices: For Detecting Disease-Specific Proteins 452.11 Comprehensive Overview of Nanomaterials in the Context of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis 472.12 Graphene Oxide (GO): A Two-Dimensional (2D) Nanomaterial 55Conclusion 65Future Prospect 66Acknowledgement 67Authors’ Contributions 68References 683 Role of Nanomaterials in the Development of Nanobiosensors for Infectious Diseases 75Ayyappa Bathinapatla, Ravikumar Mulpuri, Aseena Azeez and Suvardhan Kanchi3.1 Introduction 763.2 Designing Biosensor for SARS-CoV-2 833.3 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 112References 1134 Nanobiosensors: Versatile Tool for Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases 121Prasann Kumar and Joginder Singh4.1 Introduction 1224.2 Nanobiosensors as Promising Devices for the Diagnosis of Coronavirus Family Members 1234.3 Nanobiosensors for Plant Analysis 1294.4 Three-Way Junctions Skeleton of Biosensor 1354.5 The SpACE-CCM: Biosensor for Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Spike-ACE2 Interaction 1424.6 Wearable Biosensor Nano and Microsystems Have Emerged as Innovative Solutions for Medical Diagnostics 1464.7 Biosensors are Analytical Devices 1534.8 Conclusion 159Acknowledgement 160Authors’ Contributions 160References 1605 Trends in the Development of Immunosensors for the Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases 173Stephen Rathinaraj Benjamin, Eli José Miranda Ribeiro Júnior, Sam Phinehas Gnana Sekar, Rosa Fireman Dutra and Geanne Matos de Andrade5.1 Introduction 1745.2 Immunosensors 1785.3 Optical Immunosensor 1805.4 Nanomaterials Immunosensor 1835.5 Paper-Based Immunosensors 1855.6 Viral Infectious Diseases 1855.7 Future Perspectives and Conclusion 190Acknowledgements 191References 1916 Electrochemical Nanobiosensors Approaches for Rapid Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases 197Tahmina Foyez and Abu Bin Imran6.1 Introduction 1986.2 Conventional Methods for the Determination of Infectious Pathogens 1996.3 Building Blocks of Biosensor 2026.4 Electrochemical-Based Biosensors 2066.5 Impact of Nanomaterials on Biosensor Performance 2096.6 Noble Metal Nanomaterials 2106.7 Metal Oxide Nanomaterials 2146.8 Carbon Nanomaterials 2166.9 Polymer Nanomaterials 2186.10 Bionanomaterials 2206.11 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 222Acknowledgement 223References 2237 Enzymatic Nanobiosensor Strategies to Contain the Spread of Infectious Diseases 231Soumendu Patra, Harshita Shand, Swarnab Dutta, Rittick Mondal and Suvankar Ghorai7.1 Introduction 2327.2 Components of Enzymatic Biosensor 2337.3 Enzymatic Nanobiosensors for Pathogen Detection 2347.4 Nanozymes 2357.5 Future Aspects 237References 2388 Development of Optical Nanosensors for the Detection of Infectious Diseases 241Ndivhuwo Shumbula, Nosipho Moloto, Phumlane Mdluli and Mbuso Mlambo8.1 Introduction 2428.2 Overview of Biosensor 2438.3 Introduction to Optical Nanosensors 2468.4 Remarks 262References 2659 Aptasensors: Selective and Powerful Tools for Infectious Diseases Diagnosis 279Seele, P. P., Van der Walt, H., Sibuyi, N.R.S. and Maserumule, M.C.9.1 Introduction 2809.2 Aptamers as Selective and Powerful Tools for Diagnostics 2819.3 Synthesis of Aptamers 2889.4 Application of Aptasensors in PoC Diagnostics 2939.5 Aptasensors Impact on Infectious Disease Diagnosis 2969.6 Drawbacks and Potential Future Work 3029.7 Conclusions 303References 30310 Nanobiosensors: A Platform for the Diagnosis of Microbial Pathogens 315Ranjita Misra and Naomi Sanjana Sharath10.1 Introduction 31610.2 Microbial Pathogens 31710.3 Diseases Caused by Pathogens 31910.4 Importance of Pathogen Detection or Disease Diagnosis 32010.5 Biosensors 32210.6 Nanobiosensors as Diagnostic Platform 32310.7 Stabilization of Biomolecules with Nanoparticles 32510.8 Types of Nanoparticles Used in Biosensor Development 32810.9 Challenges and Future Prospects 332Conclusion 333References 33411 Micro/Nanofluidics-Integrated Biosensors for Respiratory Viral Diseases Diagnosis 341Aiswarya Chandrasekaran and G.H.R. Eranga Karunaratne11.1 Introduction 34211.2 Common Respiratory Viruses and Their Detection Components 34311.3 Biosensors 34511.4 Fluidic Technology 34711.5 Applications of Micro/Nanofluidic-Based Biosensors in Respiratory Virus Detection 35211.6 Advantages of Micro/Nanofluidic Diagnosis Tools Over the Other Diagnostic Methods 35611.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 356References 35712 Nanobiosensor System: A Robust Analytical Tool for Pandemics 365Mohammad Harun-Ur-Rashid, Israt Jahan and Abu Bin Imran12.1 Introduction 36612.2 Nanobiosensors for Global Pandemics 36912.3 Nanobiosensors for COVID-19 37512.4 Nanobiosensors for Influenza 37812.5 Nanobiosensors for MERS 38112.6 Nanobiosensors for HIV/AIDS 38312.7 Nanobiosensors for Other Human Viruses 38512.8 Selection and Optimization of Nanomaterials for Nanobiosensors 38712.9 Current Challenges and Prospective Solutions 39112.10 Conclusion 392References 39313 Biosensing Technologies to Improve Neurological Disease Management 401Poojith Nuthalapati, Arjun Singh, Brinda Niravkumar Desai, Preeti Reddy Yendapalli, Reethika Gongireddy, Karan Singh, Bhaswanth Bollu and Dheeraj K. Pinninty13.1 Introduction 40213.2 Trends, Challenges, and the Disease Burden 40413.3 CNS Diseases 40413.4 Utility of Neurobiosensors 40513.5 The Technology Behind Biosensor Development 40613.6 Clinical Applications 41313.7 Conclusion 415References 41614 Nanotechnology-Based Strategies for Improvement of Disease Diagnostic Systems for Future Outbreaks 423Busiswa Dyan, Tintswalo N. Mgwenya, Kamogelo S. Setlolamathe, Phumlane S. Mdluli and Nicole R.S. Sibuyi14.1 Introduction 42414.2 Infectious Disease Outbreaks 42414.3 Pandemic-Potential Priority Diseases for Future Outbreaks 43214.4 Combating Infectious Diseases Through Diagnostics 43414.5 Nanotechnology in Diagnostics 43814.6 Conclusion 440References 44115 Biocompatibility and Toxicity of Nanomaterials in the Designing of Tools for the Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases 449Manju Manuel15.1 Introduction 45015.2 An Overview of Nanomaterials in Infectious Disease Diagnosis 45115.3 Biocompatibility Assessment 45315.4 Mechanism of Nanoparticles in the Infectious Disease Diagnosis 45515.5 In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation Methods of Biocompatibility Analysis 45815.6 Toxicity of Nanomaterials 45815.7 The Environmental and Health Hazards Caused by Nanoparticles 46115.8 The Tools Developed for the Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases 46215.9 Conclusion 464References 46416 Strengthening the Health System of the Communities in the Battle Against Infectious Diseases 469Dinoy Mathew, Anu P. Mathew, Bobby Simon and Ancy Joseph16.1 Introduction 47016.2 Primary Healthcare 47116.3 Impact of COVID-19 on Infectious Diseases and Health Systems 47616.4 Conclusion 480References 480Index 485

Suvardhan Kanchi, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Chemistry at Christ University, India, with over ten years of experience in teaching and research and development. He has published eight patents and over 150 papers in national and international journals and has participated in several international conferences. His research interests include smart materials, nanodiagnostics, nanoelectrochemistry, and green nanotechnology. Ayyappa Bathinapatla, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Chemistry at CMR Institute of Technology, Bangalore, India. He has published over 20 articles in national and international journals, two book chapters, and six patents in addition to attending and presenting at international conferences. His research interests include engineering chemistry, electrochemical biosensors, and nanomaterials for energy and environmental applications. Anitha Varghese, PhD, is a professor and the Head of the Department of Chemistry, Christ University, Bangalore, India. She has published over 150 articles in national and international journals and seven patents, co-edited one book, and presented at over 40 international conferences. Her main research focus is on the development of electrochemical sensors, electrorganic synthesis, electrocatalytic oxidation reactions, electrochemical synthesis, and characterization of novel mono/bimetallic nanocluster electrocatalysts. Phumlane Selby Mdluli, PhD, is a Head of the Health Platform at Mintek and a National Research Foundation C2-rated researcher with over 15 years of industry and teaching experience. He was trained at Diagnostic Consultation and Biodot in California to develop and commercialize in vitro diagnostic devices. He has published 70 publications in peer-reviewed journals and book chapters. At Mintek, his role involves the development of rapid diagnostic assays and supervising postgraduate students in nanoscience and nanotechnology.

• Preface xv1 Biosensor Technology: Basic Principles, Fundamentals, and History 1Mariyam Thomas, Mathew George, Derry Holaday M. G. and P. J. Jandas1.1 Introduction 2References 202 Design and Synthesis of Novel Nanomaterials Emphasizing Infectious Diseases 23Prasann Kumar and Joginder Singh2.1 Introduction 242.2 Antifungal Therapy 262.3 Cutting-Edge Advances in Tailoring the Size, Shape, and Functionality of Nanoparticles and Nanostructures 282.4 Gold Silver Nanoparticle to Combat Multi-Drug Resistant Pathogen 302.5 Mechanism of Gold Silver Nanoparticle to Combat Multi-Drug Resistant Pathogen 312.6 MXenes and Borophene Nanomaterials: Highly Efficient Sensor Activity and Energy Storage Properties 342.7 Immunomodulatory Nanosystems 392.8 Lateral Flow Assays (LFAs) 402.9 Metal-Organic Framework (MOF) 432.10 Microfluidic Devices: For Detecting Disease-Specific Proteins 452.11 Comprehensive Overview of Nanomaterials in the Context of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis 472.12 Graphene Oxide (GO): A Two-Dimensional (2D) Nanomaterial 55Conclusion 65Future Prospect 66Acknowledgement 67Authors’ Contributions 68References 683 Role of Nanomaterials in the Development of Nanobiosensors for Infectious Diseases 75Ayyappa Bathinapatla, Ravikumar Mulpuri, Aseena Azeez and Suvardhan Kanchi3.1 Introduction 763.2 Designing Biosensor for SARS-CoV-2 833.3 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 112References 1134 Nanobiosensors: Versatile Tool for Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases 121Prasann Kumar and Joginder Singh4.1 Introduction 1224.2 Nanobiosensors as Promising Devices for the Diagnosis of Coronavirus Family Members 1234.3 Nanobiosensors for Plant Analysis 1294.4 Three-Way Junctions Skeleton of Biosensor 1354.5 The SpACE-CCM: Biosensor for Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Spike-ACE2 Interaction 1424.6 Wearable Biosensor Nano and Microsystems Have Emerged as Innovative Solutions for Medical Diagnostics 1464.7 Biosensors are Analytical Devices 1534.8 Conclusion 159Acknowledgement 160Authors’ Contributions 160References 1605 Trends in the Development of Immunosensors for the Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases 173Stephen Rathinaraj Benjamin, Eli José Miranda Ribeiro Júnior, Sam Phinehas Gnana Sekar, Rosa Fireman Dutra and Geanne Matos de Andrade5.1 Introduction 1745.2 Immunosensors 1785.3 Optical Immunosensor 1805.4 Nanomaterials Immunosensor 1835.5 Paper-Based Immunosensors 1855.6 Viral Infectious Diseases 1855.7 Future Perspectives and Conclusion 190Acknowledgements 191References 1916 Electrochemical Nanobiosensors Approaches for Rapid Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases 197Tahmina Foyez and Abu Bin Imran6.1 Introduction 1986.2 Conventional Methods for the Determination of Infectious Pathogens 1996.3 Building Blocks of Biosensor 2026.4 Electrochemical-Based Biosensors 2066.5 Impact of Nanomaterials on Biosensor Performance 2096.6 Noble Metal Nanomaterials 2106.7 Metal Oxide Nanomaterials 2146.8 Carbon Nanomaterials 2166.9 Polymer Nanomaterials 2186.10 Bionanomaterials 2206.11 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 222Acknowledgement 223References 2237 Enzymatic Nanobiosensor Strategies to Contain the Spread of Infectious Diseases 231Soumendu Patra, Harshita Shand, Swarnab Dutta, Rittick Mondal and Suvankar Ghorai7.1 Introduction 2327.2 Components of Enzymatic Biosensor 2337.3 Enzymatic Nanobiosensors for Pathogen Detection 2347.4 Nanozymes 2357.5 Future Aspects 237References 2388 Development of Optical Nanosensors for the Detection of Infectious Diseases 241Ndivhuwo Shumbula, Nosipho Moloto, Phumlane Mdluli and Mbuso Mlambo8.1 Introduction 2428.2 Overview of Biosensor 2438.3 Introduction to Optical Nanosensors 2468.4 Remarks 262References 2659 Aptasensors: Selective and Powerful Tools for Infectious Diseases Diagnosis 279Seele, P. P., Van der Walt, H., Sibuyi, N.R.S. and Maserumule, M.C.9.1 Introduction 2809.2 Aptamers as Selective and Powerful Tools for Diagnostics 2819.3 Synthesis of Aptamers 2889.4 Application of Aptasensors in PoC Diagnostics 2939.5 Aptasensors Impact on Infectious Disease Diagnosis 2969.6 Drawbacks and Potential Future Work 3029.7 Conclusions 303References 30310 Nanobiosensors: A Platform for the Diagnosis of Microbial Pathogens 315Ranjita Misra and Naomi Sanjana Sharath10.1 Introduction 31610.2 Microbial Pathogens 31710.3 Diseases Caused by Pathogens 31910.4 Importance of Pathogen Detection or Disease Diagnosis 32010.5 Biosensors 32210.6 Nanobiosensors as Diagnostic Platform 32310.7 Stabilization of Biomolecules with Nanoparticles 32510.8 Types of Nanoparticles Used in Biosensor Development 32810.9 Challenges and Future Prospects 332Conclusion 333References 33411 Micro/Nanofluidics-Integrated Biosensors for Respiratory Viral Diseases Diagnosis 341Aiswarya Chandrasekaran and G.H.R. Eranga Karunaratne11.1 Introduction 34211.2 Common Respiratory Viruses and Their Detection Components 34311.3 Biosensors 34511.4 Fluidic Technology 34711.5 Applications of Micro/Nanofluidic-Based Biosensors in Respiratory Virus Detection 35211.6 Advantages of Micro/Nanofluidic Diagnosis Tools Over the Other Diagnostic Methods 35611.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 356References 35712 Nanobiosensor System: A Robust Analytical Tool for Pandemics 365Mohammad Harun-Ur-Rashid, Israt Jahan and Abu Bin Imran12.1 Introduction 36612.2 Nanobiosensors for Global Pandemics 36912.3 Nanobiosensors for COVID-19 37512.4 Nanobiosensors for Influenza 37812.5 Nanobiosensors for MERS 38112.6 Nanobiosensors for HIV/AIDS 38312.7 Nanobiosensors for Other Human Viruses 38512.8 Selection and Optimization of Nanomaterials for Nanobiosensors 38712.9 Current Challenges and Prospective Solutions 39112.10 Conclusion 392References 39313 Biosensing Technologies to Improve Neurological Disease Management 401Poojith Nuthalapati, Arjun Singh, Brinda Niravkumar Desai, Preeti Reddy Yendapalli, Reethika Gongireddy, Karan Singh, Bhaswanth Bollu and Dheeraj K. Pinninty13.1 Introduction 40213.2 Trends, Challenges, and the Disease Burden 40413.3 CNS Diseases 40413.4 Utility of Neurobiosensors 40513.5 The Technology Behind Biosensor Development 40613.6 Clinical Applications 41313.7 Conclusion 415References 41614 Nanotechnology-Based Strategies for Improvement of Disease Diagnostic Systems for Future Outbreaks 423Busiswa Dyan, Tintswalo N. Mgwenya, Kamogelo S. Setlolamathe, Phumlane S. Mdluli and Nicole R.S. Sibuyi14.1 Introduction 42414.2 Infectious Disease Outbreaks 42414.3 Pandemic-Potential Priority Diseases for Future Outbreaks 43214.4 Combating Infectious Diseases Through Diagnostics 43414.5 Nanotechnology in Diagnostics 43814.6 Conclusion 440References 44115 Biocompatibility and Toxicity of Nanomaterials in the Designing of Tools for the Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases 449Manju Manuel15.1 Introduction 45015.2 An Overview of Nanomaterials in Infectious Disease Diagnosis 45115.3 Biocompatibility Assessment 45315.4 Mechanism of Nanoparticles in the Infectious Disease Diagnosis 45515.5 In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation Methods of Biocompatibility Analysis 45815.6 Toxicity of Nanomaterials 45815.7 The Environmental and Health Hazards Caused by Nanoparticles 46115.8 The Tools Developed for the Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases 46215.9 Conclusion 464References 46416 Strengthening the Health System of the Communities in the Battle Against Infectious Diseases 469Dinoy Mathew, Anu P. Mathew, Bobby Simon and Ancy Joseph16.1 Introduction 47016.2 Primary Healthcare 47116.3 Impact of COVID-19 on Infectious Diseases and Health Systems 47616.4 Conclusion 480References 480Index 485