Blockchain-Enabled Solutions for the Pharmaceutical Industry

Ritika Wason, PhD, is a deputy director and associate professor with Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi, India. She completed her PhD at Sharda University, Greater Noida, India and is the managing editor of the International Journal of Information Technology. Wason is an avid researcher who has authored four books, published eight patents and 40 papers in leading international journals. Parul Arora, PhD, is an associate professor with Bharati Vidapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi, India. Arora has published research papers in renowned journals and conferences. Parma Nand, PhD, is a professor and pro-vice chancellor at Sharda University, Greater Noida, India. He has a PhD in computer science and engineering from IIT Roorkee, India. His 28 years of experience has been divided between academia and industry. He has led numerous international conferences and is on many executive councils and committees. He also received various awards, such as the Best Teacher Award, the Best Faculty Award, and best students project guide award from Microsoft in 2015. Vishal Jain, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India. His research areas include information retrieval, semantic web, ontology engineering, etc. He has authored more than 90 research papers in reputed conferences and journals and has edited numerous books, many of them with the Wiley-Scrivener imprint. He received the Young Active Member Award 2012-2013 from the Computer Society of India. Vinay Kukreja, PhD, is a professor at the Office of Research Publications, Chitkara University, Punjab, India. He has authored more than 120 research articles in peer-reviewed journals and conferences, three books as well as more than 40 patents. His research topics include machine learning, deep learning, agile software development, image processing, data analysis, and structural equation modeling.

• Preface xxv1 Exploring Blockchain Solutions in Healthcare Data Management and Patient Data Privacy 1Hamed Taherdoost1.1 Introduction 21.2 Healthcare Data Challenges 31.3 Fundamentals of Blockchain 51.4 Blockchain in Healthcare 51.5 Ensuring Data Integrity 71.6 Access Control and Permissioned Blockchains 91.7 Privacy-Enhancing Features 101.8 Interoperability and Data Sharing 111.9 Future Trends 121.10 Summary 14References 142 Revolutionizing Pharmaceuticals: Harnessing Blockchain for Industry Solutions 19Navjot Singh Talwandi, Shanu Khare and Payal Thakur2.1 Introduction to Blockchain in Pharmaceuticals 202.2 Foundations of the Pharmaceutical Industry 202.3 Blockchain Basics for Pharma 222.4 Key Features of Blockchain in Pharmaceutical 252.5 Application of Blockchain in Drug Development 262.6 Supply Chain Management with Blockchain 272.7 Smart Contracts in Pharmaceuticals 282.8 Data Sharing and Interoperability 302.9 Challenges and Concerns in Implementing Blockchain 322.10 Case Studies: Successful Implementations of Blockchain in Pharmaceutical 332.11 Security and Privacy Considerations 342.12 Regulatory Compliance in Blockchain for Pharmaceuticals 352.13 Blockchain and Patient Empowerment 362.14 Future Trends and Innovations 372.15 Conclusion: The Future Landscape of Blockchain in Pharmaceuticals 38References 393 Blockchain Framework for Pharmaceutical Supply Chain Management 41Mohammed Majeed, Charles Asare, Beulah Hilda Walden, Nana Arko Cole, Kwame Ntim Sekyere and Bernard Ofosu Boateng3.1 Introduction 413.2 Contribution of the Chapter 433.3 Literature 443.4 Types of BC 443.5 Pharmaceutical Industry 463.6 BC Framework for Pharmaceutical Supply Chain Management 473.7 Theoretical Foundation of the Study and the Research Framework 503.8 Technology-Organization-Environment Framework 503.9 Technology 503.10 Organization 513.11 Environment 513.12 Implications 523.13 Conclusion 53References 534 Healthcare Records Maintenance in Smart Cities for Healthcare 4.0: A Approach with Block Chain 59Rohit Rastogi, Rayush Jain, Prabhinav Mishra and Mohd Shahjahan4.1 Introduction 594.2 Literature Review 634.3 Methodology 674.4 Result and Discussion 694.5 Novelties 774.6 Conclusions 78References 78Additional Readings 79Annexure 795 Evaluation of Blockchain and IoT Technology’s Impact on the Pharmaceutical Sector 81Sampurna Panda, Rakesh Kumar and Ranjeet Singh Tomar5.1 Introduction 815.2 Overview of IoT 825.3 Blockchain Overview 835.4 Analyzing the Impact of Blockchain and the Internet of Things on the Pharmaceutical Sector 835.5 A Pharmaceutical Supply Chain for COVID-19 Empowered by Blockchain and the IoT 915.6 Conclusion 93References 946 Pharma-RBT: Blockchain-Enabled Solution for PII-Protected Drug Trails in the Pharmaceutical Industry 97Sai Shibu N. B., Rohit Mathew Samuel, Neeraj Chowdary Vipparla and Nidhin Mahesh A.6.1 Introduction 976.2 Related Work 1006.3 Introduction to Blockchain Technology 1046.4 Proposed Architecture for Blockchain + Pharma 1066.5 Implementation of Pharma-RBT 1096.6 Performance Evaluations 1196.7 Conclusion 120References 1207 Transforming the Pharmaceutical Supply Chain with Blockchain 123K. Vidhya Lakshmi and S. Thanga Ramya7.1 The Current State of the Pharmaceutical Supply Chain 1237.2 Blockchain’s Role in Enhancing Traceability 1257.3 Combating Counterfeiting with Blockchain 1277.4 Streamlining Compliance through Smart Contracts 1287.5 Enhancing Data Security and Privacy 1307.6 Improving Supply Chain Efficiency and Collaboration 1407.7 Overcoming Challenges and Adoption Barriers 1427.8 Case Studies: Successful Implementations of Blockchain in Pharmaceuticals 1457.9 The Future of Blockchain in Pharmaceuticals 1477.10 Conclusion 149References 1498 Automating and Streamlining Drug Payments Through Smart Contracts 153Harpreet Kaur Channi and Pulkit Kumar8.1 Introduction 1548.2 Overview of Drug Payments in Healthcare 1568.3 Smart Contracts: A Primer 1588.4 The Role of Smart Contracts in Drug Payments 1608.5 Implementing Smart Contracts in Healthcare Systems 1618.6 Case Studies: Successful Implementation of Smart Contracts in Drug Payments 1638.7 Challenges and Solutions 1668.8 Future Trends and Developments 1688.9 Conclusion 169References 1709 Tracking Drug Authenticity and Expiry with Blockchain: A Comprehensive Overview 175Sajjan Singh and Shalom Akhai9.1 Introduction 1759.2 Blockchain Technology Overview 1769.3 Real-Time Drug Tracking 1779.4 Ensuring Drug Authenticity 1779.5 Expiry Date Management 1799.6 Integration with the Pharmaceutical Supply Chain 1799.7 Practical Examples 1819.8 Challenges and Considerations 1829.9 Future Trends 1839.10 Conclusion 1849.11 Recommendations 184References 18510 Blockchain-Enabled Security for Smart Medicine Vending Machines Handling Expired Medications 189S. Muthu Lakshmi, M. Malathi and K. Mythili10.1 Introduction 19010.2 Literature Survey 19410.3 Overview of the Proposed System 19610.4 Experimental Results 20110.5 Conclusion 20410.6 Future Enhancement 204References 20511 Enabling Transparent Supply to Build a Next-Generation Supply Chain 207Harpreet Kaur Channi, Ramandeep Sandhu and Pulkit Kumar11.1 Introduction 20811.2 Technological Foundations 21311.3 Implementation Strategies 21911.4 Future Trends and Considerations 22211.5 Regulatory Compliance and Standards in the Pharmaceutical Industry 22311.6 Conclusion 228References 22912 A Comprehensive Study in the Kidney Transplantation Process with the Role of Blockchain Technology 233Chandana Gouri Tekkali, Karthika Natarajan and Asadi Srinivasulu12.1 Introduction 23312.2 Literature Review 23512.3 Importance of Blockchain Technology in Health Care 23612.4 Data Analytics and AI in KTP 23712.5 What are the Possible Failures Occurring in KTP? 23712.6 How can Blockchain be Enabled in Kidney Transplantation? 23812.7 Result 24712.8 Conclusion and Future Work 248References 24813 Secure Patient Data Management Through Blockchain 251Radha Goel, Rosaline Mishra, Arti Gupta, Rehana Parveen, Rashmi Singh, Dinesh Puri and Mohd Yasir13.1 Introduction 25213.2 Blockchain Technology in Healthcare 25413.3 Blockchain Operations 25413.4 Essential Blockchain Characteristics 25513.5 Healthcare Blockchain Companies 25613.6 Management of Healthcare Using Blockchain 26013.7 Blockchain Technology Components 26113.8 Types of Blockchain Technology 26213.9 Application of Blockchain in the Healthcare Industry 26313.10 Challenges 26813.11 Discussion and Future Aspects 26813.12 Conclusion 270References 27014 Creative Strategies to Protect Patients’ Health Records and Confidentiality Using Blockchain Technology 275V. Karthikeyan, G. Kirubakaran, K. Gopalakrishnan and S. Sridhar Raj14.1 Introduction to Health Records and Confidentiality 27614.2 Understanding Blockchain Technology 28014.3 Advantages of BC for Health Record Security 28214.4 Key Concepts in Applying Blockchain to Healthcare Data 28414.5 Blockchain-Based Identity and Access Management (IAM) 28914.6 Secure Health Data Sharing Through Blockchain 29114.7 Patient Consent and Control in Blockchain-Enabled Systems 29414.8 Regulatory and Ethical Considerations 29514.9 Case Studies and Best Practices 29614.10 Future Directions and Challenges in Blockchain-Based Health Record Protection 30514.11 Conclusion and Recommendations for the Healthcare Industry 314References 31515 Blockchain: A New Frontier in Secure Patient Data Management 319Sagarika Kabra, Sonal Sharma and Monika Sachdeva15.1 Introduction 31915.2 Present Scenario of Blockchain Technology 32015.3 Role of WHO in Healthcare Management Through Blockchain 32015.4 Blockchain in Healthcare and Its Need 32115.5 Compatible Characteristics of Blockchain for Healthcare System 32215.6 Blockchain in Healthcare Areas: Conditions and Status 32315.7 Securing Storage of Medical Data by Blockchain 32315.8 Certain Kinds of Challenges are Faced While Using Blockchain 32515.9 An Advanced Solution and Future Directions in Blockchain: Heterogeneous Medicare Data in Cloud Environment 32715.10 Combination of Blockchain with IOMT in Data Management 32915.11 Patient Flowchart in Using Blockchain Technology 32915.12 Future Perspectives 33015.13 Implications and Conclusions 331References 33216 A Block Chain-Enabled Novel Intelligent System Analysis for Medical Image Processing of Kidney Stone Prediction Using Deep Learning Techniques and Augmented Reality 335Senthil G. A., R. Prabha, K. Latha and S. Sridevi16.1 Introduction 33616.2 Literature Review 33816.3 Methodology 34016.4 Experiments 34416.5 Results and Discussion 34816.6 Conclusion 35016.7 Future Work 351References 35217 Decentralization and Virtual Reality: The Role of Blockchain Technology in Shaping the Metaverse and Social Media Interactions 355Archan Mitra, Sayani Das and Shruti ShawIntroduction 356Literature Review 359Research Gap 361Problem Statement 362Methodology 363Research Design 363Findings 386Discussions 388Interpretation of Findings 388Implications for Stakeholders 388Conclusions 389Summary of Findings 389Limitations 389Scope for Further Research 390Implications 390References 39018 Blockchain’s Impact in Clinical Trials: A Revolution for Transparency, Efficiency, and Ethical Conduct in Drug Development 393S. Mahaboob Hussain, Balakrishna Akula and Manuel J. Cabral S. Reis18.1 Introduction 39418.2 Challenges in Clinical Drug Trials 39618.3 Blockchain Technology Overview 39818.4 Transformative Applications of Blockchain in Clinical Trials 40318.5 Regulatory Compliance and Ethical Considerations 40618.6 Conclusion 408References 40919 Drug Recall Management for Pharmaceutical Industry from Blockchain Perspective 413S. Mahirah, B. Geetha, N. Harikrishnan and S. Preethi Priyadarshini19.1 Introduction 41419.2 Pharmaceutical Industry Operations 41419.3 Drug Recall 41719.4 Challenges in Healthcare 42119.5 Blockchain in the Pharma Industry 42319.6 Conclusion 426References 42720 Blockchain-Based Drug Recall Management 429Manoj Kumar Mahto, Durgesh Srivastava and Jabar H. Yousif20.1 Introduction 42920.2 Blockchain Technology Overview 43220.3 Enhancing Transparency 43420.4 Automating Recall Procedures 43620.5 Challenges and Opportunities 43920.6 Regulatory Considerations 44020.7 Future Prospects 44220.8 Conclusion 444References 44521 Counterfeit Drug Prevention Through Blockchain 447Dhara Patel, Grishma Patel, Vivek Patel and Jayvadan K. Patel21.1 Introduction 44821.2 Defining Counterfeit Pharmaceuticals 44821.3 Counterfeiting—Not Merely a “Developing” Issue 44921.4 Statistics on Counterfeit Drug Incidents and Impact on Public Health 45121.5 Drug Supply Chain in the Pharmaceutical Sector 45321.6 Key Challenges with the Existing Supply Chain System 45421.7 Existing Approaches to Prevent Counterfeiting 45521.8 Need of Blockchain-Based Approaches 45521.9 Application of Blockchain in Pharmaceutical Supply Chain to Prevent Drug Counterfeiting 46221.10 Principal Obstacles to Blockchain Technology Implementation in the Healthcare Sector 46321.11 Conclusion 464References 46522 Ensemble Learning and Blockchain‐Driven Pharmaceutical Supply Chain Optimization: Enhancing Accessibility and Transparency—A Review 469Jagdish Pimple, Praveen Sen, Neeranjan Chitare, Manoj Chaudhari, Sweta Raut, Ashish Dandekar, Deepali Baghel and Shraddha Raut22.1 Introduction 47022.2 Problem Statement 47222.3 Related Work 47322.4 Proposed Approach 47522.5 Proposed System Block Diagram 47622.6 Process Flow of the Proposed Approach 47622.7 Objectives of the Proposed Approach 47622.8 Background Study 47822.9 Expected Outcome 48822.10 Conclusion 489References 48923 PharmaSecure: A Blockchain Approach to Supply Management 493Pulkit Kumar and Harpreet Kaur Channi23.1 Introduction 49323.2 Pharmaceutical Supply Chain Challenges 49623.3 Blockchain Technology Overview 49923.4 Blockchain Framework for Pharmaceutical Supply Chain 50123.5 Implementation Challenges 50323.6 Case Studies 50523.7 Future Trends and Developments 50723.8 Recommendations and Best Practices 50923.9 Conclusion 510References 51124 Hybrid Technologies in Blockchain‐Based Smart Healthcare System 515Pooja Mohan and Vibhor Mohan24.1 Introduction 51524.2 Blockchain Technology for Healthcare 51624.3 Hybrid Technology as Blockchain Enablers for Healthcare Revival Services 51824.4 Security and Privacy Solutions in Blockchain-Based Healthcare 52224.5 Conclusion 523References 52425 Metaverse: Revolutionizing Healthcare in a Virtual Realm 529Kashish Gupta and Sandeep Mathur25.1 Introduction to Metaverse 53025.2 Origins and Evolution of the Metaverse 53025.3 The Current State of the Metaverse 53025.4 The Metaverse and Society 53125.5 Revolution in Social Networking 53125.6 Enhancing Physical and Mental Health with Metaverse: Promoting Wellness in the Digital Age 53225.7 The Role of Metaverse in Healthcare in the Future 539References 541Index 545