Ashwani Kumar, PhD is a senior lecturer at the Technical Education Department of Uttar Pradesh. He has over 260 publications, including more than 20 books and numerous book chapters and articles. His research interests include vibration analysis, finite element analysis, finite element modelling, and renewable energy technologies. Mukesh Kumar Awasthi, PhD is an assistant professor in the Department of Mathematics at Babasaheb Bhimarao Ambedkar University. He has over 170 publications, including several books, patents, and articles in international journals. His research interests include heat and mass transfer, fluid mechanics, and computational fluid dynamics. Nitesh Dutt, PhD is an associate professor and the Head of the Department of Mechanical Engineering at COER University with over ten years of teaching experience. He has authored three books, four patents, and several articles in international journals. His research focuses on computational fluid dynamics, solar energy, heat transfer, and nuclear energy. Yogesh Kumar Singla, PhD is a research associate in the Department of Engineering at the University of Idaho. He has over 40 publications to his credit, including five books and numerous book chapters and journal articles. His research interests include welding, manufacturing, surface engineering, and tribology. Sivasakthivel Thangavel, PhD is a senior lecturer in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the Global College of Engineering and Technology. He has published over 30 articles in international journals of repute. His research interests include pyrolosis, gasification and combustion, hydrogen energy, and industrial safety analysis.

• Aim and Scope xvPreface xviiAcknowledgement xix1 Battery Thermal Management System (BTMS) and Recent Advancements 1Neha Singh Raghuvanshi, Yogesh Kumar Singla and Ashwani Kumar1.1 Introduction: Overview and Significance of Battery Thermal Management Systems 21.2 Fundamentals of Battery Thermal Management 21.3 BTMS Components and Techniques 61.4 Recent Advancements in BTMS 111.5 Challenges and Future Directions 151.6 Case Studies and Applications 181.7 Conclusion 212 Battery Thermal Management Systems (BTMS): Technologies, Challenges, and Future Perspectives 27Bipasa Bimalendu Patra, Tejal Y. Kharche and Fatema Sarkar2.1 Introduction 282.2 BTMS Technologies and Importance 29\2.3 Current BTMS Technologies 312.4 Challenges in BTMS 402.5 Future Perspectives 412.6 Future Research Directions 422.7 Conclusion 443 Battery Thermal Management Systems Using Phase Change Material and Liquid Cooling: A Comprehensive Review 49Atul Kumar, Ashok Kumar Dewangan, Ashok Kumar Yadav and Ashwani Kumar3.1 Introduction 503.2 Overview of Battery Thermal Management System 513.3 Role of Phase Change Materials (PCMs) in Battery Thermal Management 533.4 Liquid Cooling Systems for Battery Thermal Management 583.5 Modeling Approaches for Battery Thermal Management Systems 603.6 Conclusions and Future Scope 614 Green Nano Fluids: Applications in Thermal Management 73Sunil Baloda, Naveen Sharma and Mukesh Kumar4.1 Introduction 744.2 Nanofluids Preparation Steps 774.3 Nanofluids Thermo-Physical Properties (TPs) 804.4 Applications from Thermal Management Perspective 834.5 Conclusion 865 Modeling and Simulation of Batteries Thermal Management System 91Milad Heidari, Sivasakthivel Thangavel, Morteza Khashehchi, Pooyan Rahmanivahid, Ashwani Kumar and Yatika Gori5.1 Introduction 925.2 Fundamentals of BTMS 935.3 Simulation of BTMS 985.4 Validation of BTMS Models 1025.5 Future Trends and Challenges in BTMS Modeling and Simulation 1086 Analysis of BTMS for Electric Vehicles (EV) 117Mira Chitt6.1 Introduction 1176.2 Literature Review 1186.3 Importance of BTMS in Electric Vehicles 1216.4 BTMS for Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) 1216.5 BTMS for Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) 1266.6 BTMS for Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV) 1287 Battery Thermal Management in Hybrid Electric Vehicles 133Bipasa Bimalendu Patra, Vishal Vaidya, Moiz Hussain and Yatika Gori7.1 Introduction 1347.2 Types of Systems 1347.3 Fundamental Heat Transfer Principle 1437.4 Advantages 1487.5 Challenges 1497.6 Recent Trends in Battery Thermal Management Systems (BTMS) 1517.7 Conclusion 1538 Electric Vehicle Charging and Discharging in V2G and G2V Operation 157Versha Sharma, Kalpana Chauhan, Rajeev Kumar Chauhan and Anju Saini8.1 Introduction 1588.2 Electric Vehicle 1588.3 Electric Vehicle Charging System for V2G 1598.4 V2G Technology 1618.5 Grid to Vehicle Technology 1668.6 Comparison Between V2G & G2V 1688.7 Modeling 1698.8 Results 1729 Forecasting Renewable Energy for Storage Technology Sizing Paper: A Review 181Rafia Sagufta, N.P. Patidar and Sidhartha Panda9.1 Introduction 1819.2 Forecasting 1839.3 Energy Storage 1859.4 Process of Sizing Energy System 1869.5 Application of Storage in Power System 1909.6 Conclusion 19310 Wireless Energy Transmission in Electrical Vehicles 197Bhupender Singh, Sandeep Grover, Nitin Panwar, Sandeep Ravish and Praveen Gautam10.1 Introduction 19810.2 Technological Advancements 19910.3 Methodology and Modeling 20010.4 Components 20310.5 Market Dynamics and Adoption Trends 20510.6 Efficiency and Sustainability Considerations 20610.7 User Experience and Convenience 20710.8 Reliability and Durability Challenges 20810.9 Future Scopes 20910.10 Market Expansion and Global Collaboration 21011 Efficient Battery Thermal Management System in High-Performance Applications 221Ashwani Kumar, Mukesh Kumar Awasthi, Nitesh Dutt and Neha Singh Raghuvanshi11.1 Introduction 22211.2 Battery Thermal Management System (BTMS) 22311.3 Types of BTMS 22611.4 BTMS Challenges and Future Trends 23111.5 Future Generation of High Performance Batteries 23211.6 Intelligent Control Strategies for Proactive BTMS 23311.7 Conclusion 23512 Energy Management of PV Battery Supercapacitor-Based System 241Nishant Thakkar, Nidhi Mishra, Priyanka Paliwal, Tripta Thakur and Anoop Arya12.1 Introduction 24212.2 Modeling of PV System 24312.3 Simulation Model 24412.4 Results and Discussion 24412.5 Conclusion 24813 Advancement in Differential Locking Technology for Electric Vehicles 251Bhupender Singh, Nitin Panwar, Arvind Gupta, Sanjeev Sharma, Sandeep Ravish and Praveen Gautam13.1 Introduction 25213.2 Methodology 25313.3 Working 25413.4 Linear Actuator Selection 25513.5 Design and Development 25513.6 Material Selection Matrix 25513.7 Cam Profile 25613.8 Electronics Components and Circuit 25613.9 Final Model 25813.10 Conclusions 25914 Application of Battery Thermal Management Systems (BTMS) for Heavy‑Duty Electric Vehicles (HD-EV) 267Pooyan Rahmanivahid, Morteza Khashehchi, Sivasakthivel Thangavel and Milad Heidari14.1 Introduction to Battery Thermal Management Systems (BTMS) 26814.2 Optimizing Performance 26914.3 BTMS for Electric Buses: Revolutionizing Urban Transportation 27014.4 BTMS for Electric Trucks 27214.5 Adapting to Varying Load Conditions 27514.6 Conclusion 27615 Battery Thermal Management System (BTMS) for Military Applications 281Neha Singh Raghuvanshi, Ashwani Kumar, Yatika Gori and Ashok Kumar Yadav15.1 Introduction 28215.2 Fundamentals of Battery Thermal Management 28315.3 Military Requirements and Challenges 28815.4 Conclusion 30716 Modeling and Optimization of a Hybrid Electric Marine Engine Battery Management System Using Hybrid Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Process 313Mohammad Ashad Ghani Nasim, Mohammad Seraj, Faisal Khan, Mohd Parvez, Osama Khan and Ashok Kumar Yadav16.1 Introduction 31416.2 System Description 31716.3 Methodology 31716.4 Results and Discussions 32216.5 Conclusions and Future Scope 32417 A Comparative Analysis of Carbon Footprints in Hybrid, Diesel, and Petrol Vehicles: An MCDM Approach Using VIKOR and Entropy Methods 337Mohammad Seraj, Mohammad Ashad Ghani Nasim, Piyush Bhatnagar, Azhar Equbal, Osama Khan and Ashok Kumar Yadav17.1 Introduction 33817.2 Materials and Experimental Setup 34117.3 Methodology 34417.4 Results 34917.5 Analysis and Discussion 35317.6 Conclusion 35518 Safety Assessments of Battery Thermal Management Systems (BTMS) in Electric Vehicles (EVs) 367Sainu Baliyan18.1 Introduction 36818.2 Evaluating BTMS Safety 36918.3 Challenges and Future Prospects 38018.4 Conclusion 381References 382About the Editors 387Index 389

Ashwani Kumar, PhD is a senior lecturer at the Technical Education Department of Uttar Pradesh. He has over 260 publications, including more than 20 books and numerous book chapters and articles. His research interests include vibration analysis, finite element analysis, finite element modelling, and renewable energy technologies. Mukesh Kumar Awasthi, PhD is an assistant professor in the Department of Mathematics at Babasaheb Bhimarao Ambedkar University. He has over 170 publications, including several books, patents, and articles in international journals. His research interests include heat and mass transfer, fluid mechanics, and computational fluid dynamics. Nitesh Dutt, PhD is an associate professor and the Head of the Department of Mechanical Engineering at COER University with over ten years of teaching experience. He has authored three books, four patents, and several articles in international journals. His research focuses on computational fluid dynamics, solar energy, heat transfer, and nuclear energy. Yogesh Kumar Singla, PhD is a research associate in the Department of Engineering at the University of Idaho. He has over 40 publications to his credit, including five books and numerous book chapters and journal articles. His research interests include welding, manufacturing, surface engineering, and tribology. Sivasakthivel Thangavel, PhD is a senior lecturer in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the Global College of Engineering and Technology. He has published over 30 articles in international journals of repute. His research interests include pyrolosis, gasification and combustion, hydrogen energy, and industrial safety analysis.

• Aim and Scope xvPreface xviiAcknowledgement xix1 Battery Thermal Management System (BTMS) and Recent Advancements 1Neha Singh Raghuvanshi, Yogesh Kumar Singla and Ashwani Kumar1.1 Introduction: Overview and Significance of Battery Thermal Management Systems 21.2 Fundamentals of Battery Thermal Management 21.3 BTMS Components and Techniques 61.4 Recent Advancements in BTMS 111.5 Challenges and Future Directions 151.6 Case Studies and Applications 181.7 Conclusion 212 Battery Thermal Management Systems (BTMS): Technologies, Challenges, and Future Perspectives 27Bipasa Bimalendu Patra, Tejal Y. Kharche and Fatema Sarkar2.1 Introduction 282.2 BTMS Technologies and Importance 29\2.3 Current BTMS Technologies 312.4 Challenges in BTMS 402.5 Future Perspectives 412.6 Future Research Directions 422.7 Conclusion 443 Battery Thermal Management Systems Using Phase Change Material and Liquid Cooling: A Comprehensive Review 49Atul Kumar, Ashok Kumar Dewangan, Ashok Kumar Yadav and Ashwani Kumar3.1 Introduction 503.2 Overview of Battery Thermal Management System 513.3 Role of Phase Change Materials (PCMs) in Battery Thermal Management 533.4 Liquid Cooling Systems for Battery Thermal Management 583.5 Modeling Approaches for Battery Thermal Management Systems 603.6 Conclusions and Future Scope 614 Green Nano Fluids: Applications in Thermal Management 73Sunil Baloda, Naveen Sharma and Mukesh Kumar4.1 Introduction 744.2 Nanofluids Preparation Steps 774.3 Nanofluids Thermo-Physical Properties (TPs) 804.4 Applications from Thermal Management Perspective 834.5 Conclusion 865 Modeling and Simulation of Batteries Thermal Management System 91Milad Heidari, Sivasakthivel Thangavel, Morteza Khashehchi, Pooyan Rahmanivahid, Ashwani Kumar and Yatika Gori5.1 Introduction 925.2 Fundamentals of BTMS 935.3 Simulation of BTMS 985.4 Validation of BTMS Models 1025.5 Future Trends and Challenges in BTMS Modeling and Simulation 1086 Analysis of BTMS for Electric Vehicles (EV) 117Mira Chitt6.1 Introduction 1176.2 Literature Review 1186.3 Importance of BTMS in Electric Vehicles 1216.4 BTMS for Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) 1216.5 BTMS for Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) 1266.6 BTMS for Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV) 1287 Battery Thermal Management in Hybrid Electric Vehicles 133Bipasa Bimalendu Patra, Vishal Vaidya, Moiz Hussain and Yatika Gori7.1 Introduction 1347.2 Types of Systems 1347.3 Fundamental Heat Transfer Principle 1437.4 Advantages 1487.5 Challenges 1497.6 Recent Trends in Battery Thermal Management Systems (BTMS) 1517.7 Conclusion 1538 Electric Vehicle Charging and Discharging in V2G and G2V Operation 157Versha Sharma, Kalpana Chauhan, Rajeev Kumar Chauhan and Anju Saini8.1 Introduction 1588.2 Electric Vehicle 1588.3 Electric Vehicle Charging System for V2G 1598.4 V2G Technology 1618.5 Grid to Vehicle Technology 1668.6 Comparison Between V2G & G2V 1688.7 Modeling 1698.8 Results 1729 Forecasting Renewable Energy for Storage Technology Sizing Paper: A Review 181Rafia Sagufta, N.P. Patidar and Sidhartha Panda9.1 Introduction 1819.2 Forecasting 1839.3 Energy Storage 1859.4 Process of Sizing Energy System 1869.5 Application of Storage in Power System 1909.6 Conclusion 19310 Wireless Energy Transmission in Electrical Vehicles 197Bhupender Singh, Sandeep Grover, Nitin Panwar, Sandeep Ravish and Praveen Gautam10.1 Introduction 19810.2 Technological Advancements 19910.3 Methodology and Modeling 20010.4 Components 20310.5 Market Dynamics and Adoption Trends 20510.6 Efficiency and Sustainability Considerations 20610.7 User Experience and Convenience 20710.8 Reliability and Durability Challenges 20810.9 Future Scopes 20910.10 Market Expansion and Global Collaboration 21011 Efficient Battery Thermal Management System in High-Performance Applications 221Ashwani Kumar, Mukesh Kumar Awasthi, Nitesh Dutt and Neha Singh Raghuvanshi11.1 Introduction 22211.2 Battery Thermal Management System (BTMS) 22311.3 Types of BTMS 22611.4 BTMS Challenges and Future Trends 23111.5 Future Generation of High Performance Batteries 23211.6 Intelligent Control Strategies for Proactive BTMS 23311.7 Conclusion 23512 Energy Management of PV Battery Supercapacitor-Based System 241Nishant Thakkar, Nidhi Mishra, Priyanka Paliwal, Tripta Thakur and Anoop Arya12.1 Introduction 24212.2 Modeling of PV System 24312.3 Simulation Model 24412.4 Results and Discussion 24412.5 Conclusion 24813 Advancement in Differential Locking Technology for Electric Vehicles 251Bhupender Singh, Nitin Panwar, Arvind Gupta, Sanjeev Sharma, Sandeep Ravish and Praveen Gautam13.1 Introduction 25213.2 Methodology 25313.3 Working 25413.4 Linear Actuator Selection 25513.5 Design and Development 25513.6 Material Selection Matrix 25513.7 Cam Profile 25613.8 Electronics Components and Circuit 25613.9 Final Model 25813.10 Conclusions 25914 Application of Battery Thermal Management Systems (BTMS) for Heavy‑Duty Electric Vehicles (HD-EV) 267Pooyan Rahmanivahid, Morteza Khashehchi, Sivasakthivel Thangavel and Milad Heidari14.1 Introduction to Battery Thermal Management Systems (BTMS) 26814.2 Optimizing Performance 26914.3 BTMS for Electric Buses: Revolutionizing Urban Transportation 27014.4 BTMS for Electric Trucks 27214.5 Adapting to Varying Load Conditions 27514.6 Conclusion 27615 Battery Thermal Management System (BTMS) for Military Applications 281Neha Singh Raghuvanshi, Ashwani Kumar, Yatika Gori and Ashok Kumar Yadav15.1 Introduction 28215.2 Fundamentals of Battery Thermal Management 28315.3 Military Requirements and Challenges 28815.4 Conclusion 30716 Modeling and Optimization of a Hybrid Electric Marine Engine Battery Management System Using Hybrid Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Process 313Mohammad Ashad Ghani Nasim, Mohammad Seraj, Faisal Khan, Mohd Parvez, Osama Khan and Ashok Kumar Yadav16.1 Introduction 31416.2 System Description 31716.3 Methodology 31716.4 Results and Discussions 32216.5 Conclusions and Future Scope 32417 A Comparative Analysis of Carbon Footprints in Hybrid, Diesel, and Petrol Vehicles: An MCDM Approach Using VIKOR and Entropy Methods 337Mohammad Seraj, Mohammad Ashad Ghani Nasim, Piyush Bhatnagar, Azhar Equbal, Osama Khan and Ashok Kumar Yadav17.1 Introduction 33817.2 Materials and Experimental Setup 34117.3 Methodology 34417.4 Results 34917.5 Analysis and Discussion 35317.6 Conclusion 35518 Safety Assessments of Battery Thermal Management Systems (BTMS) in Electric Vehicles (EVs) 367Sainu Baliyan18.1 Introduction 36818.2 Evaluating BTMS Safety 36918.3 Challenges and Future Prospects 38018.4 Conclusion 381References 382About the Editors 387Index 389

Ashwani Kumar, PhD is a senior lecturer at the Technical Education Department of Uttar Pradesh. He has over 260 publications, including more than 20 books and numerous book chapters and articles. His research interests include vibration analysis, finite element analysis, finite element modelling, and renewable energy technologies. Mukesh Kumar Awasthi, PhD is an assistant professor in the Department of Mathematics at Babasaheb Bhimarao Ambedkar University. He has over 170 publications, including several books, patents, and articles in international journals. His research interests include heat and mass transfer, fluid mechanics, and computational fluid dynamics. Nitesh Dutt, PhD is an associate professor and the Head of the Department of Mechanical Engineering at COER University with over ten years of teaching experience. He has authored three books, four patents, and several articles in international journals. His research focuses on computational fluid dynamics, solar energy, heat transfer, and nuclear energy. Yogesh Kumar Singla, PhD is a research associate in the Department of Engineering at the University of Idaho. He has over 40 publications to his credit, including five books and numerous book chapters and journal articles. His research interests include welding, manufacturing, surface engineering, and tribology. Sivasakthivel Thangavel, PhD is a senior lecturer in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the Global College of Engineering and Technology. He has published over 30 articles in international journals of repute. His research interests include pyrolosis, gasification and combustion, hydrogen energy, and industrial safety analysis.

• Aim and Scope xvPreface xviiAcknowledgement xix1 Battery Thermal Management System (BTMS) and Recent Advancements 1Neha Singh Raghuvanshi, Yogesh Kumar Singla and Ashwani Kumar1.1 Introduction: Overview and Significance of Battery Thermal Management Systems 21.2 Fundamentals of Battery Thermal Management 21.3 BTMS Components and Techniques 61.4 Recent Advancements in BTMS 111.5 Challenges and Future Directions 151.6 Case Studies and Applications 181.7 Conclusion 212 Battery Thermal Management Systems (BTMS): Technologies, Challenges, and Future Perspectives 27Bipasa Bimalendu Patra, Tejal Y. Kharche and Fatema Sarkar2.1 Introduction 282.2 BTMS Technologies and Importance 29\2.3 Current BTMS Technologies 312.4 Challenges in BTMS 402.5 Future Perspectives 412.6 Future Research Directions 422.7 Conclusion 443 Battery Thermal Management Systems Using Phase Change Material and Liquid Cooling: A Comprehensive Review 49Atul Kumar, Ashok Kumar Dewangan, Ashok Kumar Yadav and Ashwani Kumar3.1 Introduction 503.2 Overview of Battery Thermal Management System 513.3 Role of Phase Change Materials (PCMs) in Battery Thermal Management 533.4 Liquid Cooling Systems for Battery Thermal Management 583.5 Modeling Approaches for Battery Thermal Management Systems 603.6 Conclusions and Future Scope 614 Green Nano Fluids: Applications in Thermal Management 73Sunil Baloda, Naveen Sharma and Mukesh Kumar4.1 Introduction 744.2 Nanofluids Preparation Steps 774.3 Nanofluids Thermo-Physical Properties (TPs) 804.4 Applications from Thermal Management Perspective 834.5 Conclusion 865 Modeling and Simulation of Batteries Thermal Management System 91Milad Heidari, Sivasakthivel Thangavel, Morteza Khashehchi, Pooyan Rahmanivahid, Ashwani Kumar and Yatika Gori5.1 Introduction 925.2 Fundamentals of BTMS 935.3 Simulation of BTMS 985.4 Validation of BTMS Models 1025.5 Future Trends and Challenges in BTMS Modeling and Simulation 1086 Analysis of BTMS for Electric Vehicles (EV) 117Mira Chitt6.1 Introduction 1176.2 Literature Review 1186.3 Importance of BTMS in Electric Vehicles 1216.4 BTMS for Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) 1216.5 BTMS for Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) 1266.6 BTMS for Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV) 1287 Battery Thermal Management in Hybrid Electric Vehicles 133Bipasa Bimalendu Patra, Vishal Vaidya, Moiz Hussain and Yatika Gori7.1 Introduction 1347.2 Types of Systems 1347.3 Fundamental Heat Transfer Principle 1437.4 Advantages 1487.5 Challenges 1497.6 Recent Trends in Battery Thermal Management Systems (BTMS) 1517.7 Conclusion 1538 Electric Vehicle Charging and Discharging in V2G and G2V Operation 157Versha Sharma, Kalpana Chauhan, Rajeev Kumar Chauhan and Anju Saini8.1 Introduction 1588.2 Electric Vehicle 1588.3 Electric Vehicle Charging System for V2G 1598.4 V2G Technology 1618.5 Grid to Vehicle Technology 1668.6 Comparison Between V2G & G2V 1688.7 Modeling 1698.8 Results 1729 Forecasting Renewable Energy for Storage Technology Sizing Paper: A Review 181Rafia Sagufta, N.P. Patidar and Sidhartha Panda9.1 Introduction 1819.2 Forecasting 1839.3 Energy Storage 1859.4 Process of Sizing Energy System 1869.5 Application of Storage in Power System 1909.6 Conclusion 19310 Wireless Energy Transmission in Electrical Vehicles 197Bhupender Singh, Sandeep Grover, Nitin Panwar, Sandeep Ravish and Praveen Gautam10.1 Introduction 19810.2 Technological Advancements 19910.3 Methodology and Modeling 20010.4 Components 20310.5 Market Dynamics and Adoption Trends 20510.6 Efficiency and Sustainability Considerations 20610.7 User Experience and Convenience 20710.8 Reliability and Durability Challenges 20810.9 Future Scopes 20910.10 Market Expansion and Global Collaboration 21011 Efficient Battery Thermal Management System in High-Performance Applications 221Ashwani Kumar, Mukesh Kumar Awasthi, Nitesh Dutt and Neha Singh Raghuvanshi11.1 Introduction 22211.2 Battery Thermal Management System (BTMS) 22311.3 Types of BTMS 22611.4 BTMS Challenges and Future Trends 23111.5 Future Generation of High Performance Batteries 23211.6 Intelligent Control Strategies for Proactive BTMS 23311.7 Conclusion 23512 Energy Management of PV Battery Supercapacitor-Based System 241Nishant Thakkar, Nidhi Mishra, Priyanka Paliwal, Tripta Thakur and Anoop Arya12.1 Introduction 24212.2 Modeling of PV System 24312.3 Simulation Model 24412.4 Results and Discussion 24412.5 Conclusion 24813 Advancement in Differential Locking Technology for Electric Vehicles 251Bhupender Singh, Nitin Panwar, Arvind Gupta, Sanjeev Sharma, Sandeep Ravish and Praveen Gautam13.1 Introduction 25213.2 Methodology 25313.3 Working 25413.4 Linear Actuator Selection 25513.5 Design and Development 25513.6 Material Selection Matrix 25513.7 Cam Profile 25613.8 Electronics Components and Circuit 25613.9 Final Model 25813.10 Conclusions 25914 Application of Battery Thermal Management Systems (BTMS) for Heavy‑Duty Electric Vehicles (HD-EV) 267Pooyan Rahmanivahid, Morteza Khashehchi, Sivasakthivel Thangavel and Milad Heidari14.1 Introduction to Battery Thermal Management Systems (BTMS) 26814.2 Optimizing Performance 26914.3 BTMS for Electric Buses: Revolutionizing Urban Transportation 27014.4 BTMS for Electric Trucks 27214.5 Adapting to Varying Load Conditions 27514.6 Conclusion 27615 Battery Thermal Management System (BTMS) for Military Applications 281Neha Singh Raghuvanshi, Ashwani Kumar, Yatika Gori and Ashok Kumar Yadav15.1 Introduction 28215.2 Fundamentals of Battery Thermal Management 28315.3 Military Requirements and Challenges 28815.4 Conclusion 30716 Modeling and Optimization of a Hybrid Electric Marine Engine Battery Management System Using Hybrid Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Process 313Mohammad Ashad Ghani Nasim, Mohammad Seraj, Faisal Khan, Mohd Parvez, Osama Khan and Ashok Kumar Yadav16.1 Introduction 31416.2 System Description 31716.3 Methodology 31716.4 Results and Discussions 32216.5 Conclusions and Future Scope 32417 A Comparative Analysis of Carbon Footprints in Hybrid, Diesel, and Petrol Vehicles: An MCDM Approach Using VIKOR and Entropy Methods 337Mohammad Seraj, Mohammad Ashad Ghani Nasim, Piyush Bhatnagar, Azhar Equbal, Osama Khan and Ashok Kumar Yadav17.1 Introduction 33817.2 Materials and Experimental Setup 34117.3 Methodology 34417.4 Results 34917.5 Analysis and Discussion 35317.6 Conclusion 35518 Safety Assessments of Battery Thermal Management Systems (BTMS) in Electric Vehicles (EVs) 367Sainu Baliyan18.1 Introduction 36818.2 Evaluating BTMS Safety 36918.3 Challenges and Future Prospects 38018.4 Conclusion 381References 382About the Editors 387Index 389