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      Measuring the Electric Grid

      Mysteries Explained

      AvHarold Kirkham,Jan-Philipp Kitzig

      Inbunden, Engelska, 2026

      Del i serien IEEE Press Series on Power and Energy Systems

      1 161 kr

      Beställningsvara. Skickas inom 5-8 vardagar. Fri frakt över 249 kr.

      Beskrivning

      Everything we know about the power system, whether for control, or planning, or billing, is the result of a measurement, so the measurements ought to be good. The authors of Measuring the Electric Grid: Mysteries Explained pull no punches in showing how bad today’s measurements are, and how to make them better. Misunderstandings about important power system quantities, especially reactive power, apparent power, and phasors, are pervasive. The first four chapters provide foundational information about measurement generally not taught to power engineers. Although power engineers expect their measurements to be “scientific”, these chapters explain why some of the most critical power system measurements are distinctly non-scientific and not fit for purpose. In the next four chapters, the most important and most misunderstood measurements are scrutinized more closely. Particular attention is paid to reactive power and to the phasor measurement unit. Although the book discusses serious issues, a little light humor makes for easy reading. Additional topics discussed include: Two fundamentally different kinds of measurement exist; most of the measurements in the power system are of the non-scientific varietyPower theories, such as those of Budeanu and Fryze, are shown to be inevitably wrong; measurement theory resolves the mysteriesThe number of degrees of freedom of a system is an incisive tool for resolving key questions about the nature of measurementsOpportunities for further researchAn introduction to the important topic of measurement uncertaintyMeasuring the Electric Grid: Mysteries Explained fills a significant knowledge gap for all students in programs of study related to power systems. It is also valuable for practicing engineers working in the manufacturing and utility industries.

      Produktinformation

      • Utgivningsdatum:2026-04-30
      • Mått:189 x 31 x 155 mm
      • Vikt:695 g
      • Format:Inbunden
      • Språk:Engelska
      • Serie:IEEE Press Series on Power and Energy Systems
      • Antal sidor:416
      • Förlag:John Wiley & Sons Inc
      • ISBN:9781394310081

      Utforska kategorier

      • Teknik: allmänt inom Naturvetenskap och teknik
      • Energiteknik inom Naturvetenskap och teknik

      Mer om författaren

      Harold Kirkham works as a Research Engineer with the Advanced Power and Energy Systems Group at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. He is an internationally recognized expert and teacher on measurement in power systems. Jan-Philipp Kitzig is a Research and Development Metrology Engineer with EA Elektro Automatik in Viersen, Germany. David Laverty is a Reader in Electrical & Electronic Engineering at Queen’s University Belfast. Artis Riepnieks is an Electrical Research Engineer in Systems Engineering at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. Dani Strickland is a Senior Lecturer, Reader, and Professor at Loughborough University, United Kingdom. Rod White is an Independent Researcher, formerly a Distinguished Scientist at the Measurement Standards Laboratory of New Zealand.

      Innehållsförteckning

      • About the Authors xiPreface xiiiAcknowledgments xix1 Measurement: A New View 11.1 The Importance of Measurement 11.2 Power Factor and the AIEE-NELA Committee 41.3 The Joint Committee Failure 61.4 Three Kinds of Metrology 91.5 Legal Metrology 91.6 Scientific Metrology 131.7 Commercial Metrology 151.8 A New View Needed 161.9 Philosophy 171.10 The Conceptual and the Physical 181.11 Conceptual and Physical—More History 201.12 The Magical Role of the A/D Converter 231.13 A Perspective of This Book 241.14 Chapter Summary: History 241.15 Chapter Summary: Takeaways 25References 252 Measurement: An Overview 272.1 Review 272.2 What Is Measurement? 282.3 The Real Number Line 312.4 Measurement Scales 332.5 Cauchy’s Equation 342.6 Concatenation 372.7 Measurement Schemas 392.8 Sampling 422.9 Measuring 452.10 Reporting 452.11 Chapter Summary: History 472.12 Chapter Summary: Takeaways 472a Some Terms Used in the Field of Measurement 482a.1 Signal 502a.2 Reference 512a.3 Remarks on Clarity of Writing 52References 533 Representational Measurements 553.1 Review 553.2 Directly Observable Quantities 563.3 The Measurement Model 573.4 Constraints on the Model: The GUM Revisited 583.5 Examples of Representational Measurement 603.6 Definitional Uncertainty 613.7 Concept Development and Appeal to Experiment 673.8 Chapter Summary: History 713.9 Chapter Summary: Takeaways 71References 724 Operational Measurements 734.1 Review 734.2 You Can’t Model Everything 744.3 The Operational Alternative 754.4 Human Experience 774.5 List of Operational Measurements 794.6 Hybrid Operational Measurements 814.7 Hybrid Measures: Summary 904.8 Value of the Hybrid Measure 904.9 Operational Power System Measurements 914.10 Representational and Operational Compared 934.11 Relationship to the Three Kinds of Metrology 984.12 Chapter Summary: History 994.13 Chapter Summary: Takeaways 1004a Impulse Measurements 1014a.1 Radio Influence Measurement 1034A.2 Partial Discharge Measurement 108References 1115 Power Theories 1135.1 Review 1135.2 Chapter Organization 1145.3 Introduction: Not Believing What We See 1155.4 Reactive Power 1165.5 NEMA Technical Report C12. 24 1185.6 What is a Power Theory? 1235.7 Power Theories 1265.8 Czarnecki’s Paradox Dooms Power Theories 1285.9 Reactive Power: Last Words—Not Quite Last Rites 1315.10 Apparent Power: Voisine’s Paradox 1325.11 Power Measurement 1365.12 Kitzig’s Power Paradox 1395.13 Chapter Summary: History 1445.14 Chapter Summary: Takeaways 1455a Budeanu’s Power Theory 1465b Fryze’s Power Theory 1495b.1 The Three Voltmeter Method 1515b.2 Relation to Fryze’s Hope for Interpretation 1545b.3 Where Did Fryze Go Wrong? 1555c Reification 1565d Ongoing Reification? 1585e Logical Fallacies 160References 1636 Degrees of Freedom 1676.1 Review 1676.2 Signal Complexity 1706.3 Symmetrical Components 1746.4 Physical Meaning 1766.5 Do Negative-Sequence Currents Exist? 1796.6 Harmonic Effects and Phase-Sequence Components 1816.7 Example of Fourier-Fortescue 1836.8 Voltage and Current Harmonic Analysis 1836.9 Current Phase-Sequence Analysis 1836.10 Power and Reactive Calculations 1856.11 Are Harmonic Phase-Sequence Values Useful? 1876.12 Chapter Summary: History 1876.13 Chapter Summary: Takeaways 188References 1897 Frequency 1917.1 Background 1917.2 Chapter Overview 1977.3 Challenges of a Changing “Frequency” 1977.4 Carson, Frequency Modulation 1997.5 Van der Pol, Frequency Modulation 2017.6 Rutman, Barnes, Frequency Stability 2017.7 Cohen, Boashash, Time/Frequency Distribution 2037.8 Summary So Far 2047.9 Frequency Measurement Must Be (At Least Partly) Operational 2057.10 Measuring in Distorted Conditions: Operationalism 2077.11 Phase Locking, Alternate Methods 2107.12 Fnet 2117.13 Chapter Summary: History 2177.14 Chapter Summary: Takeaways 217References 2188 Phasors and the PMU 2218.1 Background and Chapter Overview 221Part 1 The History of the PMU 2228.2 The PMU as a New Kind of Measurement 2228.3 The Northeast Blackout and the PMU 2278.4 Three Revolutions in Measurement 2298.5 The Second Revolution in Measurement 2318.6 The PMU—The Third Revolution in Measurement 232Part 2 Concepts Underlying PMU Measurement 2338.7 The Meanings of “Phase” and “Phasor” 2338.8 From Phase to Phasor 2368.9 A Different Notation 2398.10 Measuring a Signal to Express the Result as a Phasor 2408.11 Initial Phase 2428.12 Initial Phase: A Cautionary Tale 2478.13 Rate of Change of Frequency 2498.14 Chapter Summary: History 2518.15 Chapter Summary: Takeaways 2528a On the Definition of a Phasor 2528a.1 Clement and Johnson 2538a.2 Nau 2548a.3 Scharf and Behrens 2568a.4 Moura and Darwezeh 2578a.5 Benedict 2598a.6 Comment on Appendices, Sections 8A.1–8A.5 2608b Problems in the PMU Standards 2618b.1 Disclaimer 2618b.2 Nostra Culpa 2628b.3 Making a PMU 2628b.4 The Standard Explanations of the PMU 2658b.5 The Reference Model 2678b.6 Evident Confusion 2708b.7 Two Rotators 2738b.8 The Delay Problem 2768b.9 Repairing the Standard 277References 2799 An Exciting Future 2839.1 Introduction 2839.2 Artificial Intelligence 284Part 1 Framework for R&D 2859.3 Technology Readiness: Background 2859.4 Technology Readiness for the Grid 2869.5 An Assessment of Present Technology 2909.6 The Example of IEEE Standard 1459 2919.7 Digital Implementation of Analog Method 2949.8 Determining the Period 295Part 2 Some Ideas 2969.9 Step Back and Examine the Needs 2969.10 Increasing Capability 2979.11 Understanding All the Information in the Power System 2999.12 Probing the System 3019.13 Probing the System: Parallel Substations 3029.14 Probing the System: The Chief Joseph Brake 3069.15 Probing the System: Low Energy 3099.16 A Real-Time Trust Metric 3109.17 Real-World Examples of the Trust Metric 3159.18 A Real-Time No-Trust Metric 3189.19 A Real-World Example of No-Trust Metric 3189.20 Applying the No-Trust Metric 3199.21 Matched Filters 3209.22 Conclusion 3249a An Impulse Problem? 3259a.1 Background 3259a.2 Explanation 326References 328Appendix A Error, Uncertainty, and Trust 331A.1 Background 331A.2 Review of Some Relevant History 332A.3 BIPM Questionnaire 336A.4 The GUM 337A.5 A Brief Statistics Background 339A.6 A “Type A” Worked Example 343A.7 Are More Measurements Worthwhile? 345A.8 Uncertainty: Type B Evaluation 346A.9 A “Type B” Worked Example 347A.10 Combining and Propagating Uncertainties 349A.11 A Reminder 351A.12 Real-world Considerations 352A.13 The International Infrastructure 353A.14 Uncertainty of Operational Measurements 354A.15 Conditional Accuracy 355A.16 An Aside on the Matter of Noise Floor 356A.17 Appendix Summary 357References 358Chapter Summaries 361Index 375
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