YVES D LOYE is Professor of Politics at the University Paris I Sorbonne, member of the Institut Universitaire de France, and General Secretary of the Association Fran?aise de Science Politique. He specializes in the historical sociology of politics, and in the study of political socialization and the theoretical perspectives on the historical emergence of European citizenship. His publications include Sociologie Historique du Politique (2003), Les Voix de Dieu. Pour une Autre Histoire du Suffrage Electoral: le Clerg? Catholique Fran?ais et le Vote (XIXe-XXe si?cles) (2006), and a

'European elections are troublemakers: they introduce new electoral systems, new constituencies, and new political groups. They create turbulence within parties and between parties. They facilitate the emergence of new cleavages and the fading away of old ones. Thanks to Michael Bruter, Yves Deloye, and several dozen European collaborators, we now get a better understanding of the new invisible hand that is at work in European democracies. This Encyclopaedia is an indispensable tool for political scientists as well as policy-makers.' - Yves Meny, President of the European University Institute, Florence, Italy.

• Introduction: Voting for a European Parliament: A European Civic Act?; M.Bruter & Y.Deloye Mapping European Politics: An Introduction to European Electoral Geography; M.Bruter Abstention; F.Greffet Act of 1976; M-T.Bitsch Advertising; J-O.Barthes Age; A.Muxel Austria; S.Puntscher-Riekmann Ballot Paper; Y.Déloye & O.Ihl Ballot Secrecy; N.Dompnier Belgium; P.Delwit Brussels; C.van Wynsberghe Campaign (Sociology of); J.Gerstlé Campaign Accounts; O.Ihl Citizen; S.Strudel Civil Society; H.Michel Cleavages; S.Bartolini Communication; P.Juhem Composition of the European Parliament; W.Beauvallet & S.Michon Compulsory Voting; Y.Déloye Cyprus; G.Bertrand Czech Republic; S.Devaux Data Archives; B.Cautrès Democratic Deficit; P.Magnette Denmark; K.Pedersen Deposit; N.Dompnier Dual Mandates; G.Marrel Election Programmes; O.Ihl Electoral Administration; O.Ihl Electoral Cycles; H.Schmitt Electoral Education; Y.Déloye Electoral List; O.Ihl Electoral Operations; O.Ihl Electoral Strategy; P.Juhem Electoral System; P.Stöver & A.Wüst Electoral Technology; O.Ihl Eligibility; S.Strudel Enlargement; J-M. de Waele Estonia; E.Mikkel Eurobarometer; B.Cautrès European Commission; O.Costa European Constitution; J.Ziller European Convention; J.Ziller European Democratic Union (EDU); S.Abrial European Election (2004); M.Hastings European Elections (1979-1999); P.Perrineau European Election Study; M.Franklin European Electoral Act; Y.Déloye &O.Ihl European Electoral Sociology; M.Bruter European Federation of Green Parties; C.van de Walle European Free Alliance (EFA); L.de Winter European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party (ELDR); L.de Winter European Parliament; G.McElroy European People's Party (EPP); A-T.Rautu European Political Parties; D-L.Seiler European Public Opinion; J-B.Legavre European Public Sphere; C.Neveu European Referenda; C.Belot Europeanisation; R.Harmsen Euroscepticism; R.Harmsen Extreme Left; S.Harrison Extreme Right; S.Harrison Federations of Political Parties; P.DelwitFinancing; O.Ihl Finland; N.Kauppi Forecast; M.Bruter France; A.Laurent Fraud; N.Dompnier Germany; V.Lozac'h Greece; G.Bertrand Green Politics; F.Faucher-King Hungary; A.Bozoki &Á.Simon Immigrants; C.Bertossi Incompatibility; G.Marrel Ineligibility; G.Marrel & R.Payre Interest Groups; H.Michel Internal Elections in the European Parliament; O.Costa Internet; V.Serfaty Investiture of the Commission; P.Magnette Ireland; K.G.Lutz & A.Warleigh Issues; J.Gerstlé Italy; C.Bouillaud Journalists; P.Juhem Latvia; S.Harrison Left; G.Grunberg Lithuania; S.Harrison Lobbying; H.Michel Longevity; G.Marrel & R.Payre Luxembourg (City and Institutions); P.Hausemer Luxembourg (Country); P.Hausemer Malta; S.Tebbakh MEP [Member of the European Parliament] (Legal Aspects); J-L.Quermonne MEP [Member of the European Parliament] (Sociology of); W.Beauvallet & S.Michon Multi-Level Governance; S.Harrison Nationalisation of European Elections; M.Delassalle Netherlands; C.van der Eijk Null and Void; O.Ihl Observation of Elections; N.Dompnier & O.Ihl Observers; J-M.de Waele Paris Summit; M-T.Bitsch Parity; D.Dulong Parliamentary Assembly; M-T.Bitsch Parliamentary Groups; T.Runio Parliamentary Mandate; O.Costa Partisan Identification; M.Bruter Party of European Socialists (PES); G.Moschonas Poland; F.Zalewski Political Affiliation; E.Henry Political Behaviour; M.Bruter Political Context; P.Juhem Political Identity; M.Bruter Political Market; D.Gaxie Polling Station; E.Henry Populism; Y.Surel Portugal; A.Freire Postal Voting; Y.Déloye Posters; J- O.Barthes Protest Voting; C.Pina Rational Choice; I.Lago Registration; E.Henry Religion; P.Bréchon Remuneration; Y.Déloye &O.Ihl Representation; C.Bouillaud Right to Vote; Y.Déloye Right; F.Haegel Rome Treaty; M-T.Bitsch Second Order Elections; Y.Déloye Slovakia; E.Boisserie Slovenia; A.Kra ovec, D.Lah & S.Kustec-Lipicer Social Europe; D.Bellec Sovereignism; Y.Déloye Spain; G.Colome Strasbourg; W.Beauvallet & S.Michon Sweden; N.Kauppi Symbolism;F.Foret Symbols and Practice of Elections; Y.Déloye Territorial Organisation; A.Laurent Turkey; C.Bertossi United Kingdom; M.Bruter & S.Harrison Universal Suffrage; Y.Déloye Voters; O.Ihl Voting Within the European Parliament; O.Costa Women; M.Sineau Young People; C.Belot Conclusions; M.Bruter, Y.Déloye & S.Harrison

YVES D LOYE is Professor of Politics at the University Paris I Sorbonne, member of the Institut Universitaire de France, and General Secretary of the Association Fran?aise de Science Politique. He specializes in the historical sociology of politics, and in the study of political socialization and the theoretical perspectives on the historical emergence of European citizenship. His publications include Sociologie Historique du Politique (2003), Les Voix de Dieu. Pour une Autre Histoire du Suffrage Electoral: le Clerg? Catholique Fran?ais et le Vote (XIXe-XXe si?cles) (2006), and a

'European elections are troublemakers: they introduce new electoral systems, new constituencies, and new political groups. They create turbulence within parties and between parties. They facilitate the emergence of new cleavages and the fading away of old ones. Thanks to Michael Bruter, Yves Deloye, and several dozen European collaborators, we now get a better understanding of the new invisible hand that is at work in European democracies. This Encyclopaedia is an indispensable tool for political scientists as well as policy-makers.' - Yves Meny, President of the European University Institute, Florence, Italy.

• Introduction: Voting for a European Parliament: A European Civic Act?; M.Bruter & Y.Deloye Mapping European Politics: An Introduction to European Electoral Geography; M.Bruter Abstention; F.Greffet Act of 1976; M-T.Bitsch Advertising; J-O.Barthes Age; A.Muxel Austria; S.Puntscher-Riekmann Ballot Paper; Y.Déloye & O.Ihl Ballot Secrecy; N.Dompnier Belgium; P.Delwit Brussels; C.van Wynsberghe Campaign (Sociology of); J.Gerstlé Campaign Accounts; O.Ihl Citizen; S.Strudel Civil Society; H.Michel Cleavages; S.Bartolini Communication; P.Juhem Composition of the European Parliament; W.Beauvallet & S.Michon Compulsory Voting; Y.Déloye Cyprus; G.Bertrand Czech Republic; S.Devaux Data Archives; B.Cautrès Democratic Deficit; P.Magnette Denmark; K.Pedersen Deposit; N.Dompnier Dual Mandates; G.Marrel Election Programmes; O.Ihl Electoral Administration; O.Ihl Electoral Cycles; H.Schmitt Electoral Education; Y.Déloye Electoral List; O.Ihl Electoral Operations; O.Ihl Electoral Strategy; P.Juhem Electoral System; P.Stöver & A.Wüst Electoral Technology; O.Ihl Eligibility; S.Strudel Enlargement; J-M. de Waele Estonia; E.Mikkel Eurobarometer; B.Cautrès European Commission; O.Costa European Constitution; J.Ziller European Convention; J.Ziller European Democratic Union (EDU); S.Abrial European Election (2004); M.Hastings European Elections (1979-1999); P.Perrineau European Election Study; M.Franklin European Electoral Act; Y.Déloye &O.Ihl European Electoral Sociology; M.Bruter European Federation of Green Parties; C.van de Walle European Free Alliance (EFA); L.de Winter European Liberal Democrat and Reform Party (ELDR); L.de Winter European Parliament; G.McElroy European People's Party (EPP); A-T.Rautu European Political Parties; D-L.Seiler European Public Opinion; J-B.Legavre European Public Sphere; C.Neveu European Referenda; C.Belot Europeanisation; R.Harmsen Euroscepticism; R.Harmsen Extreme Left; S.Harrison Extreme Right; S.Harrison Federations of Political Parties; P.DelwitFinancing; O.Ihl Finland; N.Kauppi Forecast; M.Bruter France; A.Laurent Fraud; N.Dompnier Germany; V.Lozac'h Greece; G.Bertrand Green Politics; F.Faucher-King Hungary; A.Bozoki &Á.Simon Immigrants; C.Bertossi Incompatibility; G.Marrel Ineligibility; G.Marrel & R.Payre Interest Groups; H.Michel Internal Elections in the European Parliament; O.Costa Internet; V.Serfaty Investiture of the Commission; P.Magnette Ireland; K.G.Lutz & A.Warleigh Issues; J.Gerstlé Italy; C.Bouillaud Journalists; P.Juhem Latvia; S.Harrison Left; G.Grunberg Lithuania; S.Harrison Lobbying; H.Michel Longevity; G.Marrel & R.Payre Luxembourg (City and Institutions); P.Hausemer Luxembourg (Country); P.Hausemer Malta; S.Tebbakh MEP [Member of the European Parliament] (Legal Aspects); J-L.Quermonne MEP [Member of the European Parliament] (Sociology of); W.Beauvallet & S.Michon Multi-Level Governance; S.Harrison Nationalisation of European Elections; M.Delassalle Netherlands; C.van der Eijk Null and Void; O.Ihl Observation of Elections; N.Dompnier & O.Ihl Observers; J-M.de Waele Paris Summit; M-T.Bitsch Parity; D.Dulong Parliamentary Assembly; M-T.Bitsch Parliamentary Groups; T.Runio Parliamentary Mandate; O.Costa Partisan Identification; M.Bruter Party of European Socialists (PES); G.Moschonas Poland; F.Zalewski Political Affiliation; E.Henry Political Behaviour; M.Bruter Political Context; P.Juhem Political Identity; M.Bruter Political Market; D.Gaxie Polling Station; E.Henry Populism; Y.Surel Portugal; A.Freire Postal Voting; Y.Déloye Posters; J- O.Barthes Protest Voting; C.Pina Rational Choice; I.Lago Registration; E.Henry Religion; P.Bréchon Remuneration; Y.Déloye &O.Ihl Representation; C.Bouillaud Right to Vote; Y.Déloye Right; F.Haegel Rome Treaty; M-T.Bitsch Second Order Elections; Y.Déloye Slovakia; E.Boisserie Slovenia; A.Kra ovec, D.Lah & S.Kustec-Lipicer Social Europe; D.Bellec Sovereignism; Y.Déloye Spain; G.Colome Strasbourg; W.Beauvallet & S.Michon Sweden; N.Kauppi Symbolism;F.Foret Symbols and Practice of Elections; Y.Déloye Territorial Organisation; A.Laurent Turkey; C.Bertossi United Kingdom; M.Bruter & S.Harrison Universal Suffrage; Y.Déloye Voters; O.Ihl Voting Within the European Parliament; O.Costa Women; M.Sineau Young People; C.Belot Conclusions; M.Bruter, Y.Déloye & S.Harrison