GEOFFREY HUGHES graduated from Oxford, was an Honorary Research Associate at Harvard, and is Emeritus Professor of the History of the English Language at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. He is the author of An Encyclopedia of Swearing (2006), A History of English Words (Wiley-Blackwell, 2000), Swearing: A Social History of Foul Language, Oaths and Profanity in English (1998), and Words in Time (1988). He is currently Honorary Research Associate at the University of Cape Town.

"Prof. Hughes' Political Correctness deals with both its history and its use at present. And he deals with both aspects in a masterly fashion. Consequently, this book is highly recommendable because of what it says as well as, what is probably more important, because of the multitude of suggestions and questions it inspires." (Australian Journal of Linguistics, February 2011) "Some books are written to be read, and other books are reference works. Political Correctness: A History of Semantics and Culture is unusual in that it is both jam-packed with detailed information and yet makes for a good read. Everyone should read this book and also keep it on the shelf as an excellent reference work. This informative and well written book covers more than just the notion of political correctness (PC) in the narrow sense. It encompasses far more than the problem of increased, PC kinds of concerns, as discussed in Part I, Political Correctness and Its Origins." (PsycCritiques, August 2010) "Hughes ultimately comes down against artificiality, suggesting that political correctness is a form of social engineering that arises from good intentions coupled with Puritanism. A useful book for anyone interested in language and culture." (CHOICE, June 2010)“Hughes' book provides a wide-ranging examination of a phenomenon that has had an immense influence on our culture, for both good and ill. Political Correctness: A History of Semantics and Culture is an entertaining, thought-provoking foray into an interesting and important area.  Hughes focuses mainly on the effect of P.C. in contemporary Britain, America and South Africa, but he looks at earlier historical periods (such as the Reformation) too.  This is the best book written on the subject, and that by some distance.  It is an essential study, rigorous and critical and absolutely indispensable.” (Compulsive Reader, April 2010)“Focusing on the historical, semantic, and cultural aspects of political correctness, this brilliant and unique work will intrigue anyone interested in this ongoing debate.” ( Lavoisier, November 2009)"One must maintain a sense of humour when entering this arena, where voices of the global cultural elite sometimes present themselves as brave and daring for taking potshots at the sidelined or powerless. An emeritus 'historian of the English language', Hughes knows a lot about dictionaries of every stripe, whether orthodox or slang. He can provide the history of innumerable words, enabling readers to follow semantic changes, neologisms and other evolutions in the 'word field.'"  (Times Higher Education, November 2009)New Scholarly Books Listing, (Chronicle of Higher Education, January 2010)

• Preface viii Acknowledgments xiiEpigraphs xiiiPart I Political Correctness and its Origins 1Chapter 1 Defining Political Correctness 3Chapter 2 The Origins and the Debate 60Part II The Semantic Aspect 85Chapter 3 Words and Authorities: Dictionaries and Lexicographers 87Chapter 4 The Evolution of the Word Field 106Part III Zones of Controversy 113Chapter 5 Issues of Race, Nationality, and Difference 115Chapter 6 Agendas Old and New 178Part IV Cultural and Historical Issues 215Chapter 7 Political Correctness in the Past 217Chapter 8 Culture 236Conclusion: The Right Thing to Do? Progressive Orthodoxy, Empty Convention or Double Standard? 283Bibliography 298Author and Subject Index 309Word Index 317

GEOFFREY HUGHES graduated from Oxford, was an Honorary Research Associate at Harvard, and is Emeritus Professor of the History of the English Language at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. He is the author of An Encyclopedia of Swearing (2006), A History of English Words (Wiley-Blackwell, 2000), Swearing: A Social History of Foul Language, Oaths and Profanity in English (1998), and Words in Time (1988). He is currently Honorary Research Associate at the University of Cape Town.

"Prof. Hughes' Political Correctness deals with both its history and its use at present. And he deals with both aspects in a masterly fashion. Consequently, this book is highly recommendable because of what it says as well as, what is probably more important, because of the multitude of suggestions and questions it inspires." (Australian Journal of Linguistics, February 2011) "Some books are written to be read, and other books are reference works. Political Correctness: A History of Semantics and Culture is unusual in that it is both jam-packed with detailed information and yet makes for a good read. Everyone should read this book and also keep it on the shelf as an excellent reference work. This informative and well written book covers more than just the notion of political correctness (PC) in the narrow sense. It encompasses far more than the problem of increased, PC kinds of concerns, as discussed in Part I, Political Correctness and Its Origins." (PsycCritiques, August 2010) "Hughes ultimately comes down against artificiality, suggesting that political correctness is a form of social engineering that arises from good intentions coupled with Puritanism. A useful book for anyone interested in language and culture." (CHOICE, June 2010)“Hughes' book provides a wide-ranging examination of a phenomenon that has had an immense influence on our culture, for both good and ill. Political Correctness: A History of Semantics and Culture is an entertaining, thought-provoking foray into an interesting and important area.  Hughes focuses mainly on the effect of P.C. in contemporary Britain, America and South Africa, but he looks at earlier historical periods (such as the Reformation) too.  This is the best book written on the subject, and that by some distance.  It is an essential study, rigorous and critical and absolutely indispensable.” (Compulsive Reader, April 2010)“Focusing on the historical, semantic, and cultural aspects of political correctness, this brilliant and unique work will intrigue anyone interested in this ongoing debate.” ( Lavoisier, November 2009)"One must maintain a sense of humour when entering this arena, where voices of the global cultural elite sometimes present themselves as brave and daring for taking potshots at the sidelined or powerless. An emeritus 'historian of the English language', Hughes knows a lot about dictionaries of every stripe, whether orthodox or slang. He can provide the history of innumerable words, enabling readers to follow semantic changes, neologisms and other evolutions in the 'word field.'"  (Times Higher Education, November 2009)New Scholarly Books Listing, (Chronicle of Higher Education, January 2010)

• Preface viii Acknowledgments xiiEpigraphs xiiiPart I Political Correctness and its Origins 1Chapter 1 Defining Political Correctness 3Chapter 2 The Origins and the Debate 60Part II The Semantic Aspect 85Chapter 3 Words and Authorities: Dictionaries and Lexicographers 87Chapter 4 The Evolution of the Word Field 106Part III Zones of Controversy 113Chapter 5 Issues of Race, Nationality, and Difference 115Chapter 6 Agendas Old and New 178Part IV Cultural and Historical Issues 215Chapter 7 Political Correctness in the Past 217Chapter 8 Culture 236Conclusion: The Right Thing to Do? Progressive Orthodoxy, Empty Convention or Double Standard? 283Bibliography 298Author and Subject Index 309Word Index 317

GEOFFREY HUGHES graduated from Oxford, was an Honorary Research Associate at Harvard, and is Emeritus Professor of the History of the English Language at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. He is the author of An Encyclopedia of Swearing (2006), A History of English Words (Wiley-Blackwell, 2000), Swearing: A Social History of Foul Language, Oaths and Profanity in English (1998), and Words in Time (1988). He is currently Honorary Research Associate at the University of Cape Town.

"Prof. Hughes' Political Correctness deals with both its history and its use at present. And he deals with both aspects in a masterly fashion. Consequently, this book is highly recommendable because of what it says as well as, what is probably more important, because of the multitude of suggestions and questions it inspires." (Australian Journal of Linguistics, February 2011) "Some books are written to be read, and other books are reference works. Political Correctness: A History of Semantics and Culture is unusual in that it is both jam-packed with detailed information and yet makes for a good read. Everyone should read this book and also keep it on the shelf as an excellent reference work. This informative and well written book covers more than just the notion of political correctness (PC) in the narrow sense. It encompasses far more than the problem of increased, PC kinds of concerns, as discussed in Part I, Political Correctness and Its Origins." (PsycCritiques, August 2010) "Hughes ultimately comes down against artificiality, suggesting that political correctness is a form of social engineering that arises from good intentions coupled with Puritanism. A useful book for anyone interested in language and culture." (CHOICE, June 2010)“Hughes' book provides a wide-ranging examination of a phenomenon that has had an immense influence on our culture, for both good and ill. Political Correctness: A History of Semantics and Culture is an entertaining, thought-provoking foray into an interesting and important area.  Hughes focuses mainly on the effect of P.C. in contemporary Britain, America and South Africa, but he looks at earlier historical periods (such as the Reformation) too.  This is the best book written on the subject, and that by some distance.  It is an essential study, rigorous and critical and absolutely indispensable.” (Compulsive Reader, April 2010)“Focusing on the historical, semantic, and cultural aspects of political correctness, this brilliant and unique work will intrigue anyone interested in this ongoing debate.” ( Lavoisier, November 2009)"One must maintain a sense of humour when entering this arena, where voices of the global cultural elite sometimes present themselves as brave and daring for taking potshots at the sidelined or powerless. An emeritus 'historian of the English language', Hughes knows a lot about dictionaries of every stripe, whether orthodox or slang. He can provide the history of innumerable words, enabling readers to follow semantic changes, neologisms and other evolutions in the 'word field.'"  (Times Higher Education, November 2009)New Scholarly Books Listing, (Chronicle of Higher Education, January 2010)

• Preface viii Acknowledgments xiiEpigraphs xiiiPart I Political Correctness and its Origins 1Chapter 1 Defining Political Correctness 3Chapter 2 The Origins and the Debate 60Part II The Semantic Aspect 85Chapter 3 Words and Authorities: Dictionaries and Lexicographers 87Chapter 4 The Evolution of the Word Field 106Part III Zones of Controversy 113Chapter 5 Issues of Race, Nationality, and Difference 115Chapter 6 Agendas Old and New 178Part IV Cultural and Historical Issues 215Chapter 7 Political Correctness in the Past 217Chapter 8 Culture 236Conclusion: The Right Thing to Do? Progressive Orthodoxy, Empty Convention or Double Standard? 283Bibliography 298Author and Subject Index 309Word Index 317