Dr. Lucian A. Lucia is Associate Professor of Chemistry and Dr. Orlando J Rojas is Associate Professor, both in the Wood And Paper Science Department at North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.

• Chapter 1 - A Fundamental Review of the Relationships between Nanotechnology and Lignocellulosic Biomass Theodore H. Wegner and E. Philip Jones1.1 Introduction1.2 Use of Lignocellulosic-based Materials1.3 Green Chemistry and Green Engineering1.4 Nanotechnology1.5 Nanotechnology-enabled Product Possibilities1.6 Wood Nanodimensional Structure and Composition1.7 Nanomanufacturing1.8 Nanotechnology Health and Safety Issues1.9 Instrumentation, Metrology, and Standards for Nanotechnology1.10 A Nanotechnology Agenda for the Forest Products Industry1.11 Forest Products Industry Technology Priorities1.12 Nanotechnology Priority Areas to Meet the Needs of the Forest Products Industry1.13 SummaryReferences2 Biogenesis of Cellulose Nanofibrils by a Biological NanomachineCandace H. Haigler and Alison W. Roberts2.1 Introduction2.2 Background2.3 CesA Protein is a Major Component of the Plant CSC2.4 The Functional Operation of the CSC2.5 Phylogenetic Analysis2.5.1 Possible Functional Diversification of CS Proteins2.6 ConclusionReferences3 Tools for the Characterization of Biomass at the Nanometer ScaleJames F. Beecher, Christopher G. Hunt and J.Y. Zhu3.1 Introduction3.2 Water in Biomass3.3 Measurement of Specific Biomass Properties3.4 Microscopy and Spectroscopy3.5 SummaryReferences4 Tools to Probe Nanoscale Surface Phenomena in Cellulose Thin Films: Applications in the Area of Adsorption and FrictionJunlong Song, Yan Li, Juan P. Hinestroza and Orlando J. Rojas4.1 Introduction4.2 Polyampholytes Applications in Fiber Modification4.3 Cellulose Thin Films4.4 Friction Phenomena in Cellulose Systems4.5 Lubrication4.6 Boundary Layer Lubrication4.7 Techniques to Study Adsorption and Friction Phenomena4.8 Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR)4.9 Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation (QCM)4.10 Application of SPR and QCM to Probe Adsorbed Films4.11 Lateral Force Microscopy4.12 SummaryAcknowledgementsReferences5 Polyelectrolyte Multilayers for Fibre EngineeringRikard Lingström, Erik Johansson and Lars Wågberg5.1 Background5.2 The Formation of PEM on Wood Fibres5.3 Formation of PEM with Different Polyelectrolytes and the Properties of the Layers Formed5.4 Formation of PEM on Fibres5.5 Influence of PEM on Properties of Fibre Networks5.6 Influence of PEM on Adhesion Between Surfaces5.7 Concluding RemarksAcknowledgementsReferences6 Hemicelluloses at Interfaces: Some Aspects of the InteractionsTekla Tammelin, Arja Paananen and Monika Österberg6.1 Overview6.2 Introduction6.3 Theoretical Basis for Interpreting QCM-D and AFM Data6.4 Experimental6.5 Results  6.6 Discussion6.7 ConclusionsAcknowledgementsReferences7 Lignin: Functional Biomaterial with Potential in Surface Chemistry and NanoscienceShannon M. Notley and Magnus Norgren7.1 Introduction7.2 Lignin Synthesis and Structural Aspects7.3 Isolation of Lignin from Wood, Pulp and Pulping Liquors7.4 Solution Properties of Kraft Lignin7.5 Surface Chemistry of Solid State Lignin7.6 Lignin: Current and Future Uses7.7 Concluding RemarksReferences8 Cellulose and Chitin as Nanoscopic BiomaterialsJacob D. Goodrich, Deepanjan Bhattacharya and William T. Winter8.1 Overview8.2 Introduction8.3 Preparation and Microscopic Characterization of Cellulose and Chitin Nanoparticles8.4 NMR Characterization of Cellulose and Chitin Nanoparticles8.5 Chemical Modification of Cellulose and Chitin Nanoparticles8.6 Nanocomposite Properties8.7 ConclusionsAcknowledgementsReferences9 Bacterial Cellulose and its Polymeric NanocompositesMarie-Pierre G. Laborie9.1 Introduction9.2 Bacterial Cellulose: Biosynthesis and Basic Physical and Mechanical Properties9.3 BC Nanocomposites by in situ Polymerization9.4 BC Nanocomposites by Polymer Impregnation and Solution Casting9.5 BC Nanocomposites via Biomimetic Approaches9.6 BC/Polymer Nanocomposites Based on Bacterial Cellulose Nanocrystals9.7 Conclusions and ProspectsReferences10 Cellulose Nanocrystals in Polymer MatricesJohn Simonsen and Youssef Habibi10.1 Introduction10.2 Background on CNXL Material Science10.3 Polymer Nanocomposite Systems10.4 Thermal Properties10.5 Mechanical Properties of CNXL10.6 Transport PropertiesReferences11 Development and Application of Naturally Renewable Scaffold Materials for Bone Tissue EngineeringSeth D. McCullen, Ariel D. Hanson, Lucian A. Lucia and Elizabeth G. Loboa11.1 Introduction11.2 Natural Renewable Materials for Bone Tissue Engineering11.3 Bone Background11.4 Conclusions and Future DirectionsReferences12 Template Synthesis of Nanostructured Metals Using Cellulose NanocrystalYongsoon Shin and Gregory J. Exarhos12.1 Overview12.2 Introduction12.3 Metal Oxide and Metal Carbides12.4 Metal Nanoparticles on CNXL12.5 ConclusionAcknowledgementsReferences

Dr. Lucian A. Lucia is Associate Professor of Chemistry and Dr. Orlando J Rojas is Associate Professor, both in the Wood And Paper Science Department at North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.

• Chapter 1 - A Fundamental Review of the Relationships between Nanotechnology and Lignocellulosic Biomass Theodore H. Wegner and E. Philip Jones1.1 Introduction1.2 Use of Lignocellulosic-based Materials1.3 Green Chemistry and Green Engineering1.4 Nanotechnology1.5 Nanotechnology-enabled Product Possibilities1.6 Wood Nanodimensional Structure and Composition1.7 Nanomanufacturing1.8 Nanotechnology Health and Safety Issues1.9 Instrumentation, Metrology, and Standards for Nanotechnology1.10 A Nanotechnology Agenda for the Forest Products Industry1.11 Forest Products Industry Technology Priorities1.12 Nanotechnology Priority Areas to Meet the Needs of the Forest Products Industry1.13 SummaryReferences2 Biogenesis of Cellulose Nanofibrils by a Biological NanomachineCandace H. Haigler and Alison W. Roberts2.1 Introduction2.2 Background2.3 CesA Protein is a Major Component of the Plant CSC2.4 The Functional Operation of the CSC2.5 Phylogenetic Analysis2.5.1 Possible Functional Diversification of CS Proteins2.6 ConclusionReferences3 Tools for the Characterization of Biomass at the Nanometer ScaleJames F. Beecher, Christopher G. Hunt and J.Y. Zhu3.1 Introduction3.2 Water in Biomass3.3 Measurement of Specific Biomass Properties3.4 Microscopy and Spectroscopy3.5 SummaryReferences4 Tools to Probe Nanoscale Surface Phenomena in Cellulose Thin Films: Applications in the Area of Adsorption and FrictionJunlong Song, Yan Li, Juan P. Hinestroza and Orlando J. Rojas4.1 Introduction4.2 Polyampholytes Applications in Fiber Modification4.3 Cellulose Thin Films4.4 Friction Phenomena in Cellulose Systems4.5 Lubrication4.6 Boundary Layer Lubrication4.7 Techniques to Study Adsorption and Friction Phenomena4.8 Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR)4.9 Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation (QCM)4.10 Application of SPR and QCM to Probe Adsorbed Films4.11 Lateral Force Microscopy4.12 SummaryAcknowledgementsReferences5 Polyelectrolyte Multilayers for Fibre EngineeringRikard Lingström, Erik Johansson and Lars Wågberg5.1 Background5.2 The Formation of PEM on Wood Fibres5.3 Formation of PEM with Different Polyelectrolytes and the Properties of the Layers Formed5.4 Formation of PEM on Fibres5.5 Influence of PEM on Properties of Fibre Networks5.6 Influence of PEM on Adhesion Between Surfaces5.7 Concluding RemarksAcknowledgementsReferences6 Hemicelluloses at Interfaces: Some Aspects of the InteractionsTekla Tammelin, Arja Paananen and Monika Österberg6.1 Overview6.2 Introduction6.3 Theoretical Basis for Interpreting QCM-D and AFM Data6.4 Experimental6.5 Results  6.6 Discussion6.7 ConclusionsAcknowledgementsReferences7 Lignin: Functional Biomaterial with Potential in Surface Chemistry and NanoscienceShannon M. Notley and Magnus Norgren7.1 Introduction7.2 Lignin Synthesis and Structural Aspects7.3 Isolation of Lignin from Wood, Pulp and Pulping Liquors7.4 Solution Properties of Kraft Lignin7.5 Surface Chemistry of Solid State Lignin7.6 Lignin: Current and Future Uses7.7 Concluding RemarksReferences8 Cellulose and Chitin as Nanoscopic BiomaterialsJacob D. Goodrich, Deepanjan Bhattacharya and William T. Winter8.1 Overview8.2 Introduction8.3 Preparation and Microscopic Characterization of Cellulose and Chitin Nanoparticles8.4 NMR Characterization of Cellulose and Chitin Nanoparticles8.5 Chemical Modification of Cellulose and Chitin Nanoparticles8.6 Nanocomposite Properties8.7 ConclusionsAcknowledgementsReferences9 Bacterial Cellulose and its Polymeric NanocompositesMarie-Pierre G. Laborie9.1 Introduction9.2 Bacterial Cellulose: Biosynthesis and Basic Physical and Mechanical Properties9.3 BC Nanocomposites by in situ Polymerization9.4 BC Nanocomposites by Polymer Impregnation and Solution Casting9.5 BC Nanocomposites via Biomimetic Approaches9.6 BC/Polymer Nanocomposites Based on Bacterial Cellulose Nanocrystals9.7 Conclusions and ProspectsReferences10 Cellulose Nanocrystals in Polymer MatricesJohn Simonsen and Youssef Habibi10.1 Introduction10.2 Background on CNXL Material Science10.3 Polymer Nanocomposite Systems10.4 Thermal Properties10.5 Mechanical Properties of CNXL10.6 Transport PropertiesReferences11 Development and Application of Naturally Renewable Scaffold Materials for Bone Tissue EngineeringSeth D. McCullen, Ariel D. Hanson, Lucian A. Lucia and Elizabeth G. Loboa11.1 Introduction11.2 Natural Renewable Materials for Bone Tissue Engineering11.3 Bone Background11.4 Conclusions and Future DirectionsReferences12 Template Synthesis of Nanostructured Metals Using Cellulose NanocrystalYongsoon Shin and Gregory J. Exarhos12.1 Overview12.2 Introduction12.3 Metal Oxide and Metal Carbides12.4 Metal Nanoparticles on CNXL12.5 ConclusionAcknowledgementsReferences

Dr. Lucian A. Lucia is Associate Professor of Chemistry and Dr. Orlando J Rojas is Associate Professor, both in the Wood And Paper Science Department at North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.

• Chapter 1 - A Fundamental Review of the Relationships between Nanotechnology and Lignocellulosic Biomass Theodore H. Wegner and E. Philip Jones1.1 Introduction1.2 Use of Lignocellulosic-based Materials1.3 Green Chemistry and Green Engineering1.4 Nanotechnology1.5 Nanotechnology-enabled Product Possibilities1.6 Wood Nanodimensional Structure and Composition1.7 Nanomanufacturing1.8 Nanotechnology Health and Safety Issues1.9 Instrumentation, Metrology, and Standards for Nanotechnology1.10 A Nanotechnology Agenda for the Forest Products Industry1.11 Forest Products Industry Technology Priorities1.12 Nanotechnology Priority Areas to Meet the Needs of the Forest Products Industry1.13 SummaryReferences2 Biogenesis of Cellulose Nanofibrils by a Biological NanomachineCandace H. Haigler and Alison W. Roberts2.1 Introduction2.2 Background2.3 CesA Protein is a Major Component of the Plant CSC2.4 The Functional Operation of the CSC2.5 Phylogenetic Analysis2.5.1 Possible Functional Diversification of CS Proteins2.6 ConclusionReferences3 Tools for the Characterization of Biomass at the Nanometer ScaleJames F. Beecher, Christopher G. Hunt and J.Y. Zhu3.1 Introduction3.2 Water in Biomass3.3 Measurement of Specific Biomass Properties3.4 Microscopy and Spectroscopy3.5 SummaryReferences4 Tools to Probe Nanoscale Surface Phenomena in Cellulose Thin Films: Applications in the Area of Adsorption and FrictionJunlong Song, Yan Li, Juan P. Hinestroza and Orlando J. Rojas4.1 Introduction4.2 Polyampholytes Applications in Fiber Modification4.3 Cellulose Thin Films4.4 Friction Phenomena in Cellulose Systems4.5 Lubrication4.6 Boundary Layer Lubrication4.7 Techniques to Study Adsorption and Friction Phenomena4.8 Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR)4.9 Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation (QCM)4.10 Application of SPR and QCM to Probe Adsorbed Films4.11 Lateral Force Microscopy4.12 SummaryAcknowledgementsReferences5 Polyelectrolyte Multilayers for Fibre EngineeringRikard Lingström, Erik Johansson and Lars Wågberg5.1 Background5.2 The Formation of PEM on Wood Fibres5.3 Formation of PEM with Different Polyelectrolytes and the Properties of the Layers Formed5.4 Formation of PEM on Fibres5.5 Influence of PEM on Properties of Fibre Networks5.6 Influence of PEM on Adhesion Between Surfaces5.7 Concluding RemarksAcknowledgementsReferences6 Hemicelluloses at Interfaces: Some Aspects of the InteractionsTekla Tammelin, Arja Paananen and Monika Österberg6.1 Overview6.2 Introduction6.3 Theoretical Basis for Interpreting QCM-D and AFM Data6.4 Experimental6.5 Results  6.6 Discussion6.7 ConclusionsAcknowledgementsReferences7 Lignin: Functional Biomaterial with Potential in Surface Chemistry and NanoscienceShannon M. Notley and Magnus Norgren7.1 Introduction7.2 Lignin Synthesis and Structural Aspects7.3 Isolation of Lignin from Wood, Pulp and Pulping Liquors7.4 Solution Properties of Kraft Lignin7.5 Surface Chemistry of Solid State Lignin7.6 Lignin: Current and Future Uses7.7 Concluding RemarksReferences8 Cellulose and Chitin as Nanoscopic BiomaterialsJacob D. Goodrich, Deepanjan Bhattacharya and William T. Winter8.1 Overview8.2 Introduction8.3 Preparation and Microscopic Characterization of Cellulose and Chitin Nanoparticles8.4 NMR Characterization of Cellulose and Chitin Nanoparticles8.5 Chemical Modification of Cellulose and Chitin Nanoparticles8.6 Nanocomposite Properties8.7 ConclusionsAcknowledgementsReferences9 Bacterial Cellulose and its Polymeric NanocompositesMarie-Pierre G. Laborie9.1 Introduction9.2 Bacterial Cellulose: Biosynthesis and Basic Physical and Mechanical Properties9.3 BC Nanocomposites by in situ Polymerization9.4 BC Nanocomposites by Polymer Impregnation and Solution Casting9.5 BC Nanocomposites via Biomimetic Approaches9.6 BC/Polymer Nanocomposites Based on Bacterial Cellulose Nanocrystals9.7 Conclusions and ProspectsReferences10 Cellulose Nanocrystals in Polymer MatricesJohn Simonsen and Youssef Habibi10.1 Introduction10.2 Background on CNXL Material Science10.3 Polymer Nanocomposite Systems10.4 Thermal Properties10.5 Mechanical Properties of CNXL10.6 Transport PropertiesReferences11 Development and Application of Naturally Renewable Scaffold Materials for Bone Tissue EngineeringSeth D. McCullen, Ariel D. Hanson, Lucian A. Lucia and Elizabeth G. Loboa11.1 Introduction11.2 Natural Renewable Materials for Bone Tissue Engineering11.3 Bone Background11.4 Conclusions and Future DirectionsReferences12 Template Synthesis of Nanostructured Metals Using Cellulose NanocrystalYongsoon Shin and Gregory J. Exarhos12.1 Overview12.2 Introduction12.3 Metal Oxide and Metal Carbides12.4 Metal Nanoparticles on CNXL12.5 ConclusionAcknowledgementsReferences