Readings in Philosophy of Religion

LINDA ZAGZEBSKI is the George Lynn Cross Research Professor of Philosophy and Kingfisher College Chair of the Philosophy of Religion and Ethics at the University of Oklahoma. She is the author of Divine Motivation Theory (2004), The Dilemma of Freedom and Foreknowledge (1991), Virtues of the Mind (1996), Philosophy of Religion: An Historical Introduction (Wiley-Blackwell, 2007), and On Epistemology (2008).TIMOTHY D. MILLER is Assistant Professor of Philosophy at Lee University in Cleveland, Tennessee.

"What distinguishes this anthology from others is editors trained in modern philosophy and adept at its strategies, who have come to learn from classical traditions as well, to reflect that breadth and depth in their selections. Their ability to range from "ancient to contemporary" will enlighten current students, as will their adroit way of introducing the various topics in philosophical inquiry into questions of faith." - David Burrell, C.S.C, University of Notre Dame "A well-crafted collection that admirably represents the central issues in Philosophy of religion. Miller and Zagzebski provide a deep, persuasive yet readable treatment of the subject. I enthusiastically recommend it." - J.P. Moreland, Talbot School of Theology, Biola University

• Acknowledgments xiGeneral Introduction 1I The Philosophical Treatment of Religion 3Introduction 51 The Nature of the Gods, Book 1 7CiceroII Classical Arguments for Theism 19Introduction 21A Teleological Arguments 231 The Design Argument 25Cicero2 The Fifth Way 27Thomas Aquinas3 The Watch and the Watchmaker 28William Paley4 Critique of the Design Argument 31David Hume5 The Teleological Argument 39Robin Collins6 The Argument from the Appearance of Design 51J. J. C. SmartB Cosmological Arguments 551 Plato’s Cosmological Argument 57Plato2 The Eternality of Motion and the Unmoved Mover 62Aristotle3 The Kalam Cosmological Argument 66Al-GhazAli4 The Existence and Oneness of God 68Moses Maimonides5 The First Three Ways 71Thomas Aquinas6 The Argument from Dependent Beings 73Samuel Clarke7 Critique of the Cosmological Argument 76David HumeC Ontological Arguments 791 Anselm’s Ontological Argument 81Anselm2 Descartes’s Ontological Argument 84René Descartes3 Kant’s Critique of the Three Traditional Proofs 90Immanuel Kant4 The Ontological Argument 98Alvin PlantingaIII Other Approaches to Religious Belief 113Introduction 115A Experience and Revelation as Grounds for Religious Belief 1171 The Numinous 119Rudolf Otto2 Mysticism and Religious Experience 123William J. Wainwright3 The Existence of God and the Existence of Homer: Rethinking Theism and Revelatory Claims 137Sandra Menssen and Thomas D. SullivanB Fideism 1511 Truth is Subjectivity 153Søren Kierkegaard2 Kierkegaard’s Arguments against Objective Reasoning in Religion 157Robert M. Adams3 Lectures on Religious Belief 168Ludwig WittgensteinC Naturalistic Re-interpretations of Religious Belief 1751 Origin of Religion 177David Hume2 The Essence of Religion in General 183Ludwig Feuerbach3 The Future of an Illusion 187Sigmund FreudIV Who or What is God? 191Introduction 1931 On Being 195Melissus of Samos2 The Final Cause 198Aristotle3 The Divine Darkness 201Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite4 Perfect Being 206Anselm5 On the Trinity 210Richard of St Victor6 Omnipotence 213Peter Geach7 Omniscience and Immutability 223Norman Kretzmann8 Atemporal Personhood 231William L. CraigV Fate, Freedom, and Foreknowledge 237Introduction 2391 The Sea Battle Argument 241Aristotle2 On Fate and On Divination 244Cicero3 God’s Timeless Knowing 246Boethius4 Ockham on God’s Foreknowledge, and Future Contingents 251Marilyn Adams5 Middle Knowledge 260William HaskerVI Religion and Morality 265Introduction 267A Is Religion Needed for Morality? 2691 God is the Measure of All Things 271Plato2 The Moral Argument for the Existence of God 272Immanuel KantB Divine Command Theory and Divine Motivation Theory 2771 The Euthyphro Dilemma 279Plato2 Questions on the Books of the Sentences 283Pierre d’Ailly3 Lectures on Romans 286Martin Luther4 Divine Commands 288Robert M. Adams5 The Virtues of God and the Foundations of Ethics 299Linda ZagzebskiC Natural Law 3111 Selections from Treatise on Law 313Thomas AquinasVII The Problem of Evil 319Introduction 3211 God is Not the Author of Evil 323Plato2 On the Anger of God 325Lactantius3 That Which Is, Is Good 327Augustine4 On the Free Choice of the Will 329Augustine5 Formal Summary of the Theodicy 332Gottfried Leibniz6 Myth of the Goddess Pallas 339Gottfried Leibniz7 Evil and Omnipotence 342J. L. Mackie8 The Free Will Defense 350Alvin Plantinga9 Soul-making Theodicy 369John Hick10 Friendly Atheism, Skeptical Theism, and the Problem of Evil 380William L. Rowe11 Horrendous Evils and the Goodness of God 389Marilyn AdamsVIII Death and Immortality 399Introduction 401A Is Death Bad? 4031 Death is Nothing to Us 405Epicurus2 Death 407Thomas NagelB Life after Death 4131 The Separation of the Soul from the Body 415Plato2 The Future Life 417Averroes (Ibn Rushd)3 The Possibility of Immortality 420René Descartes4 Personal Identity and Consciousness 422John Locke5 Do We Survive Death? 427Bertrand Russell6 Religious and Near-death Experience in Relation to Belief in a Future Life 430Paul BadhamIX The Diversity of Religions 441Introduction 4431 Religious Pluralism and Salvation 445John Hick2 The Bodhgaya Interview (1981) 455The Dalai Lama3 Christianity and the Non-Christian Religions 459Karl Rahner4 Self-trust and the Diversity of Religions 465Linda ZagzebskiX Faith, Reason, and the Ethics of Belief 475Introduction 477A Faith and Reason 4791 How Justin Found Philosophy 481Justin Martyr2 Prescriptions against the Heretics 487Tertullian3 In What Respect Philosophy Contributes to the Comprehension of Divine Truth 490Clement of Alexandria4 The Decisive Treatise, Determining the Nature of the Connection between Religion and Philosophy 492Averroes (Ibn Rushd)5 Faith and Reason 496Thomas Aquinas6 Belief in God is Natural 501John Calvin7 Faith, Reason, and Enthusiasm 504John Locke8 Return to Reason: The Irrationality of Evidentialism 515Kelly James ClarkB Pragmatism and the Ethics of Belief 5331 The Wager 535Blaise Pascal2 Pascalian Wagering 538Thomas V. Morris3 The Ethics of Belief 544W. K. Clifford4 The Will to Believe 549William JamesXI Science, Religion, and Naturalism 559Introduction 561A Miracles 5631 Miracles 565Thomas Aquinas2 A Discourse of Miracles 567John Locke3 Of Miracles 572David Hume4 David Hume and the Probability of Miracles 583George I. MavrodesB Science, Religion, and Naturalism 5951 Letter to Castelli 597Galileo Galilei2 Signs of Intelligence 602William A. Dembski3 Atheism and Evolution 614Daniel C. Dennett4 Darwin, Design, and Divine Providence 624John F. Haught5 How Naturalism Implies Skepticism 636Alvin Plantinga6 A House Divided Against Itself Cannot Stand: Plantinga on the Self-defeat of Evolutionary Naturalism 648Timothy O’Connor