About the authors Ian R. McMillanis Senior Lecturer in Occupational Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh, UK Gail Carin-Levyis Lecturer in Occupational Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh, UK

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• Preface To The Fourth Edition ixAcknowledgements xSection I: Introduction to movement 1Chapter 1 Basic units, structure and function: supporting tissues, muscle and nerve 3Framework and support: the connective tissues 4Articulations 9Skeletal muscle 12Basic units of the nervous system 18Muscle tone 27Summary 29Chapter 2 Movement terminology 31The anatomical position 32Planes and axes of movement 33Structure and movements at synovial joints 34Group action and types of muscle work 38Biomechanical principles 41Summary 49Chapter 3 The central nervous system: the brain and spinal cord 50PART I: THE BRAIN 51Introduction to the form and structure 51Cerebral hemispheres 56Basal ganglia 65Thalamus 66Hypothalamus and limbic system 67Brain stem 69Cerebellum 71Summary of brain areas: function in movement 73PART II: THE SPINAL CORD 73Position and segmentation of the spinal cord 73Spinal reflex pathways 79Summary of the functions of the spinal cord 82Summary 82Chapter 4 The peripheral nervous system: cranial and spinal nerves 84Introduction 85Spinal nerves 86Peripheral nerves 90Cranial nerves 92Autonomic nervous system 96Summary 99Section II: Anatomy of movement in everyday living 101Chapter 5 Positioning movements: the shoulder and elbow 103Introduction 104PART I: THE SHOULDER 105The shoulder (pectoral) girdle 105The shoulder (glenohumeral) joint 108Muscles of the shoulder region 109PART II: THE ELBOW 121Elbow position and function 121The elbow joint 121Muscles moving the elbow 123Summary of the shoulder and elbow in functional movements 127Summary 129Chapter 6 Manipulative movements: the forearm, wrist and hand 130Introduction 131Functions of the forearm and wrist 131The forearm 131The wrist 134Functions of the hand 140Movements of the hand: fingers and thumb 141Muscles moving the hand: fingers and thumb 144Types of grip 157Summary of muscles of the forearm and intrinsic muscles of the hand 160Summary 161Chapter 7 Nerve supply of the upper limb 162Introduction 163The brachial plexus 163Terminal branches of the brachial plexus 165Axillary nerve: shoulder movement 165Spinal segmental innervation of the upper limb 173Summary 174Chapter 8 Support and propulsion: the lower limb 175Introduction 176Joints and movements of the pelvis, thigh and leg 176Muscles of the thigh and leg in support, swing and propulsion 183Functions of the foot 197Summary of the lower limb muscles 204Summary 204Chapter 9 Nerve supply of the lower limb 206Introduction 207Lumbar plexus: position and formation 207Terminal branches of the lumbar plexus 207Sacral plexus: position and formation 211Terminal branches of the sacral plexus 211Spinal segmental innervation of the lower limb 216Summary 216Chapter 10 Upright posture and breathing: the trunk 218Introduction 219Upright posture 220Breathing 230Pelvic tilt and the pelvic floor 236Nerve supply of the muscles of the neck and trunk 238Summary of the muscles of the trunk 239Summary 239Section III: Sensorimotor control of movement 241Chapter 11 Sensory background to movement 243Somatosensory system 244Vestibular system 254Visual system 256Regulation of posture 258Summary 259Chapter 12 Motor control 261Introduction 262Spinal mechanisms 262Descending motor system 267Planning, co-ordination and motor learning 272Summary 277Section IV: Human occupation 279Chapter 13 Occupational performance skills and capacities 281Multiple factors in control of occupational performance skills 282Core positions and patterns of occupational performance skills 286Summary 300Chapter 14 Occupational performance 301Introduction 302Framework for understanding human occupation 302Case scenarios 305PART I 306Example case scenario 306Further case scenarios 308Case scenario 1: Mabel; the ageing process 308Case scenario 2: Mary; Parkinson’s disease 310Case scenario 3: John; traumatic brain injury 310Case scenario 4: Patrick; hand injury 311Case scenario 5: Christopher; spinal cord injury 311Case scenario 6: Susan; chronic pain 312PART II 313Case scenario 1: Mabel; the ageing process 313Case scenario 2: Mary; Parkinson’s disease 314Case scenario 3: John; traumatic brain injury 316Case scenario 4: Patrick; hand injury 317Case scenario 5: Christopher; spinal cord injury 318Case scenario 6: Susan; chronic pain 320Conclusion 323References 323Further reading 324Appendix I: Bones 326Appendix II: Segmental nerve supply of muscles 336Glossary 340Index 354Practice note-pad list 365

About the authors Ian R. McMillanis Senior Lecturer in Occupational Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh, UK Gail Carin-Levyis Lecturer in Occupational Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Queen Margaret University, Edinburgh, UK

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• Preface To The Fourth Edition ixAcknowledgements xSection I: Introduction to movement 1Chapter 1 Basic units, structure and function: supporting tissues, muscle and nerve 3Framework and support: the connective tissues 4Articulations 9Skeletal muscle 12Basic units of the nervous system 18Muscle tone 27Summary 29Chapter 2 Movement terminology 31The anatomical position 32Planes and axes of movement 33Structure and movements at synovial joints 34Group action and types of muscle work 38Biomechanical principles 41Summary 49Chapter 3 The central nervous system: the brain and spinal cord 50PART I: THE BRAIN 51Introduction to the form and structure 51Cerebral hemispheres 56Basal ganglia 65Thalamus 66Hypothalamus and limbic system 67Brain stem 69Cerebellum 71Summary of brain areas: function in movement 73PART II: THE SPINAL CORD 73Position and segmentation of the spinal cord 73Spinal reflex pathways 79Summary of the functions of the spinal cord 82Summary 82Chapter 4 The peripheral nervous system: cranial and spinal nerves 84Introduction 85Spinal nerves 86Peripheral nerves 90Cranial nerves 92Autonomic nervous system 96Summary 99Section II: Anatomy of movement in everyday living 101Chapter 5 Positioning movements: the shoulder and elbow 103Introduction 104PART I: THE SHOULDER 105The shoulder (pectoral) girdle 105The shoulder (glenohumeral) joint 108Muscles of the shoulder region 109PART II: THE ELBOW 121Elbow position and function 121The elbow joint 121Muscles moving the elbow 123Summary of the shoulder and elbow in functional movements 127Summary 129Chapter 6 Manipulative movements: the forearm, wrist and hand 130Introduction 131Functions of the forearm and wrist 131The forearm 131The wrist 134Functions of the hand 140Movements of the hand: fingers and thumb 141Muscles moving the hand: fingers and thumb 144Types of grip 157Summary of muscles of the forearm and intrinsic muscles of the hand 160Summary 161Chapter 7 Nerve supply of the upper limb 162Introduction 163The brachial plexus 163Terminal branches of the brachial plexus 165Axillary nerve: shoulder movement 165Spinal segmental innervation of the upper limb 173Summary 174Chapter 8 Support and propulsion: the lower limb 175Introduction 176Joints and movements of the pelvis, thigh and leg 176Muscles of the thigh and leg in support, swing and propulsion 183Functions of the foot 197Summary of the lower limb muscles 204Summary 204Chapter 9 Nerve supply of the lower limb 206Introduction 207Lumbar plexus: position and formation 207Terminal branches of the lumbar plexus 207Sacral plexus: position and formation 211Terminal branches of the sacral plexus 211Spinal segmental innervation of the lower limb 216Summary 216Chapter 10 Upright posture and breathing: the trunk 218Introduction 219Upright posture 220Breathing 230Pelvic tilt and the pelvic floor 236Nerve supply of the muscles of the neck and trunk 238Summary of the muscles of the trunk 239Summary 239Section III: Sensorimotor control of movement 241Chapter 11 Sensory background to movement 243Somatosensory system 244Vestibular system 254Visual system 256Regulation of posture 258Summary 259Chapter 12 Motor control 261Introduction 262Spinal mechanisms 262Descending motor system 267Planning, co-ordination and motor learning 272Summary 277Section IV: Human occupation 279Chapter 13 Occupational performance skills and capacities 281Multiple factors in control of occupational performance skills 282Core positions and patterns of occupational performance skills 286Summary 300Chapter 14 Occupational performance 301Introduction 302Framework for understanding human occupation 302Case scenarios 305PART I 306Example case scenario 306Further case scenarios 308Case scenario 1: Mabel; the ageing process 308Case scenario 2: Mary; Parkinson’s disease 310Case scenario 3: John; traumatic brain injury 310Case scenario 4: Patrick; hand injury 311Case scenario 5: Christopher; spinal cord injury 311Case scenario 6: Susan; chronic pain 312PART II 313Case scenario 1: Mabel; the ageing process 313Case scenario 2: Mary; Parkinson’s disease 314Case scenario 3: John; traumatic brain injury 316Case scenario 4: Patrick; hand injury 317Case scenario 5: Christopher; spinal cord injury 318Case scenario 6: Susan; chronic pain 320Conclusion 323References 323Further reading 324Appendix I: Bones 326Appendix II: Segmental nerve supply of muscles 336Glossary 340Index 354Practice note-pad list 365