William M. Leiter is Professor of Political Science at California State University, Long Beach. He is the coauthor (with Samuel Leiter) of the first edition of Affirmative Action in Antidiscrimination Law and Policy: An Overview and Synthesis (also published by SUNY Press). The late Samuel Leiter was a civil rights and labor attorney in private practice.

• Acknowledgments Note on CitationsChapter One IntroductionIntroduction to Second Edition Introduction to First Edition, 2002 Chapter Two The Roots of Affirmative Action; The Women’s Movement; and Affirmative Action’s Group CoverageReconstruction and the Origins of Affirmative ActionWhite Supremacy and the Origins of Disparate Impact The Women’s Movement: The First and Second "Waves" Which Groups Should Be Eligible for Affirmative Action Benefits? Immigration and Affirmative Action The Multiracial Question Chapter Three The Career of Affirmative Action in Employment Prologue Title VII and Employment Discrimination The Supreme Court and the Quarrel over EmploymentAffirmative Action, 1970–1989 Hostilities Continue The Unresolved Issues of Affirmative Action in EmploymentConclusion: Equal Employment Opportunity and Affirmative Action Chapter Four Affirmative Action and the Primary and Secondary Schools Prologue The Epochal Brown RulingThe Meaning of Brown I Brown’s Progeny Academic Scholarship on School Integration and EducationDeprivation: A Variety of Views Ethnocentrism, Affirmative Action, and Bilingual Education The Twilight of School Racial/Ethnic Balancing and the Continuing Quest for ReformChapter Five Affirmative Action in Higher Education PrologueAffirmative Action and Student Admissions: The Scholarly Debate Strict Scrutiny, Diversity, and University Admissions:The Hopwood, Grutter, and Gratz CasesDiversity on Campus Continued The Formerly De Jure Segregated Universities: The HistoricallyBlack Colleges and the Traditionally White InstitutionsGender Discrimination and Education Chapter Six Affirmative Action and the Political Representation of MinoritiesPrologue The 1965 Voting Rights Act and Its AmendmentsThe "Racial Gerrymander" Cases of the 1990s and the Constitutional Requirements of the Equal Protection Clause 210Women and Electoral Politics EpilogueChapter Seven Affirmative Action and Fair Housing Prologue Housing Segregation Federal Antidiscrimination Law Affecting Housing: The 1968 Fair Housing Act Affirmative Action and Residential IntegrationEpilogue Chapter Eight Constitutional Underclasses and Affirmative Action: The Disabled, Older Workers, Homosexuals Prologue The Disability/Antidiscrimination Difference Canon The ADA and Its Predecessors The Courts and the ADA The Supreme Court and Age Discrimination The Supreme Court and Homosexuals Epilogue: The Constitutional Underclasses and the Critical Issues Chapter Nine Facing Affirmative Action’s Future Prologue The Supreme Court’s Civil Rights Hierarchy Ethno-racial and Gender Affirmative Action as an Instrument of Equal Opportunity: Genesis, Variety, and Uncertainty Central Legal Issues of Ethno-racial and GenderAffirmative Action The Ideological Clash Regarding Race/Gender/EthnicAffirmative Action Conclusion AppendicesAppendix One: A Sampler of Federal Affirmative Action Programs Explicitly Mandated or Authorized by Statute or Administrative Regulation Appendix Two: Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection Procedures Appendix Three: Affirmative Action Guidelines of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Appendix Four: Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs: Affirmative Action Programs NotesSelected BibliographyList and Index of Cases Topical Index Index of Selected Names