Spain

Javier Tusell was Professor of Contemporary History at the National University of Distance Learning (UNED). Best known as a historian of contemporary Spain, he published more than 50 books on the subject in his lifetime. During an early foray into politics, he negotiated the return to Spain of Picasso’s anti-war masterpiece, Guernica, and was elected UCD councillor for Madrid in 1979. Latterly he became a respected media commentator on Spanish history and especially the Franco dictatorship.TranslatorRosemary Clark, college lecturer at Downing College, is an affiliated lecturer in Spanish at the University of Cambridge specializing in Modern Peninsular Spanish literature, history, and culture. Particular interests are post-colonialism, Spain and Africa, religious issues, and regionalism.

• Note on the Author viiiIntroduction 1Franco: Biography and Political Practice 2Francoism: A Form of Dictatorship 12Victors and Vanquished: The Disasters of the Civil War and Repression 20Exile and the Start of the Postwar Period in Spain 26Bibliography 31Notes 331 The Temptation of Fascism and the Will to Survive (1939 –51) 34A Failed Attempt to Make Spain Fascist 35The Temptation to Intervene and Internal Conflict (1940–2) 40Stumbling Progress towards Neutrality (1942–5) 48Cosmetic Change: Regime Politics between 1945 and 1951 58Opposition from Survivors: The Spanish Left from 1939 to 1951 65The Monarchist Alternative 72Franco in Isolation 75The “Dark Night”: Autarchy and Rationing in the 1940s 82Culture: Penance and Survival 92Bibliography 102Notes 1062 The Years of Consensus: The High Point of the Regime (1951– 65) 107The End of International Isolation: The Concordat and Pacts with the United States 108Spain and Europe: Colonization of Morocco Ends 114The Regime and the Opposition up to 1956 119A New Political Opposition 128For or against Falange: Political Life under the Regime between 1956 and 1965 136The Easing of Autarchy and the Change in Economic Policy 147From Political Opposition to Social Opposition 159Culture in the Francoist Middle Period: The End of the Penitential Years 166Daily Life and Leisure Activities 177Bibliography 182Notes 1863 Economic Development, Apertura, and the Late Franco Years (1966–75) 187Economic Development in the 1960s and 1970s 189The Modernization of Spanish Society 197The Change in Spanish Catholicism 202Apertura (1965–9) 211The Succession. Matesa and Internal Splits in the Regime 217Worker Protest. Terrorism 221Late Francoism: Carrero Blanco as President 228Late Francoism: Arias Navarro’s Government 233Opposition Activity: The Road to Unity 237Spain and the Western World 247Late Decolonization: Guinea and the Sahara 252A Politically Committed Culture? 256Spain at the Time of Franco’s Death 262Bibliography 2674 The Transition to Democracy (1975 – 82) 270The Monarchy: King Juan Carlos I 273The Death-throes of the Past 275Adolfo Suárez: The Road from Liberalization to Democracy 281Facing Difficulties: Terrorism and the Military Coup 285Parties and Elections 289The Long Road towards a Constitution 293An Unresolved Issue: Nationalism and Terrorism 299The Triumph and Fall of Adolfo Suárez 303The Army and the Transition: February 23 306Calvo Sotelo’s Government and the Crisis in Center Politics 311Foreign Policy 314Economic Policy and Social Change 318October 1982: The End of the Transition 321Bibliography 3265 Consolidating Democracy: The Socialist Government (1982 – 96) 329Felipe González and the Two Souls of Spanish Socialism 330The Socialists’ First Term in Office. Reform of the Armed Services, an Economic Update and Foreign Policy 336A Means of Consolidating Democracy. The GAL 344Elections and Public Opinion in the Second Half of the 1980s 349The Second Term in Office: Social Policies and Union Protests. Spain and the World 354Policy on the Autonomous Communities: A New Vertebrate Structure for the Spanish State 359The Loss of an Absolute Majority 366A Tense Term of Office (1993–6) 373The 1996 General Election. Drawing up the Balance on the Socialists’ Time in Government 380Culture in the Post-Franco Period 385From a Time of Rediscovery to a State Culture 390Fields of Creativity 400Bibliography 4076 The Turn of the Right (1996 –2004) 410The Popular Party in Power: José María Aznar 410Success in Economic and Social Policies 412The Dark Side of the Right 414A Pluralistic Spain: Nationalities and Terrorism 418Government and Opposition. The Elections in March 2000 423The Style of Government with an Absolute Majority 429The Limits of PSOE Renewal 431Dramatic Basque Elections 433The Policy of Making Pacts and Breaking with Consensus 436The PP: Idyllic Peace and Neo-conservatism 439From More to Less: Government Policy in the Second Four-year Term 443The Final Straight 448Bibliography 454Notes 455Index 456