Dirk van Zyl Smit is Professor of Comparative and International Penal Law at the University of Nottingham.Catherine Appleton is Senior Research Fellow in Law at the University of Nottingham.

• Introduction Dirk Van Zyl Smit, Catherine Appleton and Georgie BenfordPart I: The Challenge of ‘Life’ in the Americas1. The Impact of Life Imprisonment on Criminal Justice Reform in the United States Marc Mauer and Ashley Nellis2. Life Imprisonment in Latin America Beatriz López LorcaPart II: Life without Parole around the World3. Life without Parole in Australia: Current Practices, Juvenile and Retrospective Sentencing Kate Fitz-Gibbon4. Life Imprisonment and Human Rights in Uganda Jamil Ddamulira Mujuzi5. A New Form of Life Imprisonment for India?Madhurima Dhanuka6. An Administrative Procedure for Life Prisoners: Law and Practice of Royal Pardon in the Netherlands Wiene van Hattum and Sonja Meijer7. Constitutionalising Life Imprisonment without Parole: The Case of Hungary Miklós Lévay8. A Right to Hope? Life Imprisonment in France Marion VannierPart III: Life Imprisonment and the European Convention of Human Rights9. The Paradox of Reform: Life Imprisonment in England and Wales Catherine Appleton and Dirk Van Zyl Smit10. Life Imprisonment in Belgium: Current Human Rights Challenges Sonja Snacken, Ineke Casier, Caroline Devynck and Diete Humblet11. Confusingly Compliant with the European Convention on Human Rights: The Release of Life Sentence Prisoners in Ireland Diarmuid Griffin and Ian O’DonnellPart IV: Countries without Life Imprisonment12. Punishment in Portuguese Criminal Law: A Penal System without Life Imprisonment Inês Horta Pinto13. The Abolition of Life Imprisonment in Brazil and its Contradictions Giovanna Maria Frisso14. Long-term Imprisonment in Latin America Francisco Javier de León VillalbaPart V: The (Re)introduction of Life Imprisonment15. Life and Long-Term Imprisonment in the Countries of the Former Yugoslavia Filip Vojta16. The Right to Hope for Lifers: An Analysis of Court Judgments and Practice in Poland Maria Ejchart-Dubois, Maria Nielaczna and Aneta Wilkowska-Plóciennik17. Long-Term and Life Imprisonment in Spain: Release Procedures and Terrorism Jon-Mirena Landa GorostizaPart VI: Life Imprisonment and Preventive Detention18. Constitutional Limits on Life Imprisonment and Post-Sentence Preventive Detention in Germany Axel Dessecker19. Life without Parole for Preventive Reasons? Lifelong Post-sentence Detention in Switzerland Anna Coninx20. Life Imprisonment and Related Institutions in the Nordic Countries Tapio Lappi-Seppälä

Dirk van Zyl Smit is Professor of Comparative and International Penal Law at the University of Nottingham.Catherine Appleton is Senior Research Fellow in Law at the University of Nottingham.

• Introduction Dirk Van Zyl Smit, Catherine Appleton and Georgie BenfordPart I: The Challenge of ‘Life’ in the Americas1. The Impact of Life Imprisonment on Criminal Justice Reform in the United States Marc Mauer and Ashley Nellis2. Life Imprisonment in Latin America Beatriz López LorcaPart II: Life without Parole around the World3. Life without Parole in Australia: Current Practices, Juvenile and Retrospective Sentencing Kate Fitz-Gibbon4. Life Imprisonment and Human Rights in Uganda Jamil Ddamulira Mujuzi5. A New Form of Life Imprisonment for India?Madhurima Dhanuka6. An Administrative Procedure for Life Prisoners: Law and Practice of Royal Pardon in the Netherlands Wiene van Hattum and Sonja Meijer7. Constitutionalising Life Imprisonment without Parole: The Case of Hungary Miklós Lévay8. A Right to Hope? Life Imprisonment in France Marion VannierPart III: Life Imprisonment and the European Convention of Human Rights9. The Paradox of Reform: Life Imprisonment in England and Wales Catherine Appleton and Dirk Van Zyl Smit10. Life Imprisonment in Belgium: Current Human Rights Challenges Sonja Snacken, Ineke Casier, Caroline Devynck and Diete Humblet11. Confusingly Compliant with the European Convention on Human Rights: The Release of Life Sentence Prisoners in Ireland Diarmuid Griffin and Ian O’DonnellPart IV: Countries without Life Imprisonment12. Punishment in Portuguese Criminal Law: A Penal System without Life Imprisonment Inês Horta Pinto13. The Abolition of Life Imprisonment in Brazil and its Contradictions Giovanna Maria Frisso14. Long-term Imprisonment in Latin America Francisco Javier de León VillalbaPart V: The (Re)introduction of Life Imprisonment15. Life and Long-Term Imprisonment in the Countries of the Former Yugoslavia Filip Vojta16. The Right to Hope for Lifers: An Analysis of Court Judgments and Practice in Poland Maria Ejchart-Dubois, Maria Nielaczna and Aneta Wilkowska-Plóciennik17. Long-Term and Life Imprisonment in Spain: Release Procedures and Terrorism Jon-Mirena Landa GorostizaPart VI: Life Imprisonment and Preventive Detention18. Constitutional Limits on Life Imprisonment and Post-Sentence Preventive Detention in Germany Axel Dessecker19. Life without Parole for Preventive Reasons? Lifelong Post-sentence Detention in Switzerland Anna Coninx20. Life Imprisonment and Related Institutions in the Nordic Countries Tapio Lappi-Seppälä

Dirk van Zyl Smit is Professor of Comparative and International Penal Law at the University of Nottingham.Catherine Appleton is Senior Research Fellow in Law at the University of Nottingham.

• Introduction Dirk Van Zyl Smit, Catherine Appleton and Georgie BenfordPart I: The Challenge of ‘Life’ in the Americas1. The Impact of Life Imprisonment on Criminal Justice Reform in the United States Marc Mauer and Ashley Nellis2. Life Imprisonment in Latin America Beatriz López LorcaPart II: Life without Parole around the World3. Life without Parole in Australia: Current Practices, Juvenile and Retrospective Sentencing Kate Fitz-Gibbon4. Life Imprisonment and Human Rights in Uganda Jamil Ddamulira Mujuzi5. A New Form of Life Imprisonment for India?Madhurima Dhanuka6. An Administrative Procedure for Life Prisoners: Law and Practice of Royal Pardon in the Netherlands Wiene van Hattum and Sonja Meijer7. Constitutionalising Life Imprisonment without Parole: The Case of Hungary Miklós Lévay8. A Right to Hope? Life Imprisonment in France Marion VannierPart III: Life Imprisonment and the European Convention of Human Rights9. The Paradox of Reform: Life Imprisonment in England and Wales Catherine Appleton and Dirk Van Zyl Smit10. Life Imprisonment in Belgium: Current Human Rights Challenges Sonja Snacken, Ineke Casier, Caroline Devynck and Diete Humblet11. Confusingly Compliant with the European Convention on Human Rights: The Release of Life Sentence Prisoners in Ireland Diarmuid Griffin and Ian O’DonnellPart IV: Countries without Life Imprisonment12. Punishment in Portuguese Criminal Law: A Penal System without Life Imprisonment Inês Horta Pinto13. The Abolition of Life Imprisonment in Brazil and its Contradictions Giovanna Maria Frisso14. Long-term Imprisonment in Latin America Francisco Javier de León VillalbaPart V: The (Re)introduction of Life Imprisonment15. Life and Long-Term Imprisonment in the Countries of the Former Yugoslavia Filip Vojta16. The Right to Hope for Lifers: An Analysis of Court Judgments and Practice in Poland Maria Ejchart-Dubois, Maria Nielaczna and Aneta Wilkowska-Plóciennik17. Long-Term and Life Imprisonment in Spain: Release Procedures and Terrorism Jon-Mirena Landa GorostizaPart VI: Life Imprisonment and Preventive Detention18. Constitutional Limits on Life Imprisonment and Post-Sentence Preventive Detention in Germany Axel Dessecker19. Life without Parole for Preventive Reasons? Lifelong Post-sentence Detention in Switzerland Anna Coninx20. Life Imprisonment and Related Institutions in the Nordic Countries Tapio Lappi-Seppälä