Merris Amos is Professor of Human Rights Law at Queen Mary, University of London, UK.

This is an impressive piece of scholarship. It manages to be comprehensive in its scope, analytically rigorous, yet accessible.

• PART ITHE HUMAN RIGHTS ACT1. Background and Interpretation 1. The Protection of Human Rights Prior to the Human Rights Act 2. Background to the Human Rights Act 3. Purpose of the Human Rights Act 4. Structure of the Human Rights Act 5. Convention Rights given Further Effect 6. Principles of Interpretation 7. UK Courts and the European Court of Human Rights 8. Other Aids to Interpretation 9. The Protection of Human Rights via the Common Law and EU Law 10. Reform of the Human Rights Act 2. The Benefit and Burden of the Human Rights Act 1. Introduction 2. The Benefit of Convention Rights: Victims 3. The Burden of Convention Rights: Public Authorities 4. Core Public Authorities 5. Hybrid Public Authorities 6. Private Bodies 3. The ‘Acts’ to which the Human Rights Act Applies 1. Introduction 2. Limitation Period 3. Retrospective Effect 4. Acts which Occur Outside of the United Kingdom: Extra-territorial Effect 5. Failure to Act: Positive Duties6. Satellite Litigation 4. Determining Incompatibility 1. Introduction 2. Prescribed by Law 3. Necessary 4. Proportionality 5. Deference 6. Deference in Practice 5. The Defence of Primary Legislation 1. Introduction 2. Section 6(2) Human Rights Act 3. Section 3 Human Rights Act 4. Section 4 Human Rights Act 5. Subordinate (Secondary) Legislation 6. The Use of Hansard and Other Materials in Compatibility Cases 7. Section 19 Human Rights Act: Statements of Compatibility 6. Remedies 1. Introduction 2. Just and Appropriate 3. Effective 4. The Power to Award Damages 5. Court Must have the Power to Award Damages 6. Just Satisfaction 7. The Principles Applied by the European Court of Human Rights 8. The Level of Damages 9. Damages: Article 2 10. Damages: Article 3 11. Damages: Article 5 12. Damages: Article 6 13. Damages: Article 8 14. Damages: Article 14 PART IITHE CONVENTION RIGHTS7. Article 2: The Right to Life 1. Introduction 2. Scope 3. Definition of ‘Life’ 4. Intentional Deprivation of Life 5. The Positive Duty to Safeguard Life – Operational Duty 6. Positive Duty to Safeguard Life – Framework Duty 7. Duty to Investigate Deaths 8. Exceptions – Article 2(2) 8. Article 3: Prohibition of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment 1. Introduction 2. Inhuman or Degrading Treatment – Severity 3. The Positive Duty to Protect from Article 3 Ill-Treatment – Operational Duty 4. Positive Duty to Protect from Article 3 Ill-Treatment – Framework Duty 5. Duty to Investigate Article 3 Ill-Treatment 6. Physical Integrity 7. Conditions of Detention and Treatment of Detainees 8. Violence and Threatening Behaviour 9. Sentencing 10. State Support 11. Removal, Deportation and Extradition 9. Article 5: The Right to Liberty and Security 1. Introduction 2. What Constitutes a Deprivation of Liberty? 3. Article 5(1) 4. Article 5(2): Reasons for Arrest 5. Article 5(3) 6. Article 5(4) 7. Article 5(5): Enforceable Right to Compensation 10. Article 6: The Right to a Fair Trial 1. Introduction 2. Removal, Deportation and Extradition 3. Article 6(1) Application: Determination of Civil Rights and Obligations 4. Article 6(1) Application: Determination of Any Criminal Charge 5. Access to Court 6. Fair Hearing 7. Public Hearing and Public Pronouncement 8. Reasonable Time 9. Independent and Impartial Tribunal 10. Tribunal Established by Law 11. Article 6(2): Presumption of Innocence 12. Article 6(3)(a): Informed of the Nature and Cause of the Accusation 13. Article 6(3)(b): Adequate Time and Facilities for Preparation of Defence 14. Article 6(3)(c): Legal Assistance 15. Article 6(3)(d): Witnesses 16. Article 6(3)(e): Interpreter 11. Article 8: The Right to Respect for Private Life 1. Introduction 2. Who Must Respect Private Life? The Development of Tort Law 3. Private Life 4. Positive Duties 5. Permitted Interferences 6. National Security 7. Economic Well-being of the Country 8. Prevention of Disorder or Crime 9. Protection of Health 10. Protection of Morals 11. Protection of the Rights and Freedoms of Others 12. Article 8: The Right to Respect for Family Life 1. Introduction 2. Family Life 3. Interference 4. Permitted Interferences 5. Economic Well-being of the Country 6. Prevention of Disorder or Crime 7. Protection of the Rights and Freedoms of Others 13. Article 8: The Right to Respect for Home 1. Introduction 2. Home 3. Interference 4. Positive Duties 5. Justifying an Interference with the Right to Respect for Home 6. For the Prevention of Disorder or Crime 7. Economic Well-being of the Country 8. Protection of the Rights and Freedoms of Others 14. Article 9: Freedom of Thought, Conscience and Religion1. Introduction 2. The Right to Believe 3. The Right to Manifest 4. Interference with Manifestation of Belief 5. Permitted Interferences with the Right to Manifest 15. Article 10: The Right to Freedom of Expression 1. Introduction 2. Expression 3. Medium, Manner and Timing of Communication 4. Freedom to Receive and Impart Information and Ideas 5. Interference 6. Positive Duties 7. Permitted Interferences – Generally 8. Proportionality – General Principles 9. National Security 10. Prevention of Disorder or Crime 11. Protection of Health or Morals 12. Protection of the Reputation of Others 13. Protection of the Rights of Others 14. Preventing the Disclosure of Information Received in Confidence 15. Maintaining the Authority and Impartiality of the Judiciary 16. Article 14: Prohibition of Discrimination 1. Introduction 2. Application: No Independent Existence3. Without Discrimination 4. Grounds of Prohibited Discrimination 5. Analogous Position – Comparators 6. Objective and Reasonable Justification 7. Remedy for Breach 8. Positive Duties 17. Article 1 of Protocol No 1: Protection of Property 1. Introduction 2. Possessions3. Interferences with the Peaceful Enjoyment of Possessions 4. Justifying Interferences 5. Consumer Protection 6. Planning and the Environment 7. The Rights of Others – Article 1 of Protocol 1 8. Social Justice9. Protection of Morals 10. Prevention of Crime and Illegality 11. Economic Well-being of the Country 12. Reduction of the National Budget Deficit

Merris Amos is Professor of Human Rights Law at Queen Mary, University of London, UK.

This is an impressive piece of scholarship. It manages to be comprehensive in its scope, analytically rigorous, yet accessible.

• PART ITHE HUMAN RIGHTS ACT1. Background and Interpretation 1. The Protection of Human Rights Prior to the Human Rights Act 2. Background to the Human Rights Act 3. Purpose of the Human Rights Act 4. Structure of the Human Rights Act 5. Convention Rights given Further Effect 6. Principles of Interpretation 7. UK Courts and the European Court of Human Rights 8. Other Aids to Interpretation 9. The Protection of Human Rights via the Common Law and EU Law 10. Reform of the Human Rights Act 2. The Benefit and Burden of the Human Rights Act 1. Introduction 2. The Benefit of Convention Rights: Victims 3. The Burden of Convention Rights: Public Authorities 4. Core Public Authorities 5. Hybrid Public Authorities 6. Private Bodies 3. The ‘Acts’ to which the Human Rights Act Applies 1. Introduction 2. Limitation Period 3. Retrospective Effect 4. Acts which Occur Outside of the United Kingdom: Extra-territorial Effect 5. Failure to Act: Positive Duties6. Satellite Litigation 4. Determining Incompatibility 1. Introduction 2. Prescribed by Law 3. Necessary 4. Proportionality 5. Deference 6. Deference in Practice 5. The Defence of Primary Legislation 1. Introduction 2. Section 6(2) Human Rights Act 3. Section 3 Human Rights Act 4. Section 4 Human Rights Act 5. Subordinate (Secondary) Legislation 6. The Use of Hansard and Other Materials in Compatibility Cases 7. Section 19 Human Rights Act: Statements of Compatibility 6. Remedies 1. Introduction 2. Just and Appropriate 3. Effective 4. The Power to Award Damages 5. Court Must have the Power to Award Damages 6. Just Satisfaction 7. The Principles Applied by the European Court of Human Rights 8. The Level of Damages 9. Damages: Article 2 10. Damages: Article 3 11. Damages: Article 5 12. Damages: Article 6 13. Damages: Article 8 14. Damages: Article 14 PART IITHE CONVENTION RIGHTS7. Article 2: The Right to Life 1. Introduction 2. Scope 3. Definition of ‘Life’ 4. Intentional Deprivation of Life 5. The Positive Duty to Safeguard Life – Operational Duty 6. Positive Duty to Safeguard Life – Framework Duty 7. Duty to Investigate Deaths 8. Exceptions – Article 2(2) 8. Article 3: Prohibition of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment 1. Introduction 2. Inhuman or Degrading Treatment – Severity 3. The Positive Duty to Protect from Article 3 Ill-Treatment – Operational Duty 4. Positive Duty to Protect from Article 3 Ill-Treatment – Framework Duty 5. Duty to Investigate Article 3 Ill-Treatment 6. Physical Integrity 7. Conditions of Detention and Treatment of Detainees 8. Violence and Threatening Behaviour 9. Sentencing 10. State Support 11. Removal, Deportation and Extradition 9. Article 5: The Right to Liberty and Security 1. Introduction 2. What Constitutes a Deprivation of Liberty? 3. Article 5(1) 4. Article 5(2): Reasons for Arrest 5. Article 5(3) 6. Article 5(4) 7. Article 5(5): Enforceable Right to Compensation 10. Article 6: The Right to a Fair Trial 1. Introduction 2. Removal, Deportation and Extradition 3. Article 6(1) Application: Determination of Civil Rights and Obligations 4. Article 6(1) Application: Determination of Any Criminal Charge 5. Access to Court 6. Fair Hearing 7. Public Hearing and Public Pronouncement 8. Reasonable Time 9. Independent and Impartial Tribunal 10. Tribunal Established by Law 11. Article 6(2): Presumption of Innocence 12. Article 6(3)(a): Informed of the Nature and Cause of the Accusation 13. Article 6(3)(b): Adequate Time and Facilities for Preparation of Defence 14. Article 6(3)(c): Legal Assistance 15. Article 6(3)(d): Witnesses 16. Article 6(3)(e): Interpreter 11. Article 8: The Right to Respect for Private Life 1. Introduction 2. Who Must Respect Private Life? The Development of Tort Law 3. Private Life 4. Positive Duties 5. Permitted Interferences 6. National Security 7. Economic Well-being of the Country 8. Prevention of Disorder or Crime 9. Protection of Health 10. Protection of Morals 11. Protection of the Rights and Freedoms of Others 12. Article 8: The Right to Respect for Family Life 1. Introduction 2. Family Life 3. Interference 4. Permitted Interferences 5. Economic Well-being of the Country 6. Prevention of Disorder or Crime 7. Protection of the Rights and Freedoms of Others 13. Article 8: The Right to Respect for Home 1. Introduction 2. Home 3. Interference 4. Positive Duties 5. Justifying an Interference with the Right to Respect for Home 6. For the Prevention of Disorder or Crime 7. Economic Well-being of the Country 8. Protection of the Rights and Freedoms of Others 14. Article 9: Freedom of Thought, Conscience and Religion1. Introduction 2. The Right to Believe 3. The Right to Manifest 4. Interference with Manifestation of Belief 5. Permitted Interferences with the Right to Manifest 15. Article 10: The Right to Freedom of Expression 1. Introduction 2. Expression 3. Medium, Manner and Timing of Communication 4. Freedom to Receive and Impart Information and Ideas 5. Interference 6. Positive Duties 7. Permitted Interferences – Generally 8. Proportionality – General Principles 9. National Security 10. Prevention of Disorder or Crime 11. Protection of Health or Morals 12. Protection of the Reputation of Others 13. Protection of the Rights of Others 14. Preventing the Disclosure of Information Received in Confidence 15. Maintaining the Authority and Impartiality of the Judiciary 16. Article 14: Prohibition of Discrimination 1. Introduction 2. Application: No Independent Existence3. Without Discrimination 4. Grounds of Prohibited Discrimination 5. Analogous Position – Comparators 6. Objective and Reasonable Justification 7. Remedy for Breach 8. Positive Duties 17. Article 1 of Protocol No 1: Protection of Property 1. Introduction 2. Possessions3. Interferences with the Peaceful Enjoyment of Possessions 4. Justifying Interferences 5. Consumer Protection 6. Planning and the Environment 7. The Rights of Others – Article 1 of Protocol 1 8. Social Justice9. Protection of Morals 10. Prevention of Crime and Illegality 11. Economic Well-being of the Country 12. Reduction of the National Budget Deficit

Merris Amos is Professor of Human Rights Law at Queen Mary, University of London, UK.

This is an impressive piece of scholarship. It manages to be comprehensive in its scope, analytically rigorous, yet accessible.

• PART ITHE HUMAN RIGHTS ACT1. Background and Interpretation 1. The Protection of Human Rights Prior to the Human Rights Act 2. Background to the Human Rights Act 3. Purpose of the Human Rights Act 4. Structure of the Human Rights Act 5. Convention Rights given Further Effect 6. Principles of Interpretation 7. UK Courts and the European Court of Human Rights 8. Other Aids to Interpretation 9. The Protection of Human Rights via the Common Law and EU Law 10. Reform of the Human Rights Act 2. The Benefit and Burden of the Human Rights Act 1. Introduction 2. The Benefit of Convention Rights: Victims 3. The Burden of Convention Rights: Public Authorities 4. Core Public Authorities 5. Hybrid Public Authorities 6. Private Bodies 3. The ‘Acts’ to which the Human Rights Act Applies 1. Introduction 2. Limitation Period 3. Retrospective Effect 4. Acts which Occur Outside of the United Kingdom: Extra-territorial Effect 5. Failure to Act: Positive Duties6. Satellite Litigation 4. Determining Incompatibility 1. Introduction 2. Prescribed by Law 3. Necessary 4. Proportionality 5. Deference 6. Deference in Practice 5. The Defence of Primary Legislation 1. Introduction 2. Section 6(2) Human Rights Act 3. Section 3 Human Rights Act 4. Section 4 Human Rights Act 5. Subordinate (Secondary) Legislation 6. The Use of Hansard and Other Materials in Compatibility Cases 7. Section 19 Human Rights Act: Statements of Compatibility 6. Remedies 1. Introduction 2. Just and Appropriate 3. Effective 4. The Power to Award Damages 5. Court Must have the Power to Award Damages 6. Just Satisfaction 7. The Principles Applied by the European Court of Human Rights 8. The Level of Damages 9. Damages: Article 2 10. Damages: Article 3 11. Damages: Article 5 12. Damages: Article 6 13. Damages: Article 8 14. Damages: Article 14 PART IITHE CONVENTION RIGHTS7. Article 2: The Right to Life 1. Introduction 2. Scope 3. Definition of ‘Life’ 4. Intentional Deprivation of Life 5. The Positive Duty to Safeguard Life – Operational Duty 6. Positive Duty to Safeguard Life – Framework Duty 7. Duty to Investigate Deaths 8. Exceptions – Article 2(2) 8. Article 3: Prohibition of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment 1. Introduction 2. Inhuman or Degrading Treatment – Severity 3. The Positive Duty to Protect from Article 3 Ill-Treatment – Operational Duty 4. Positive Duty to Protect from Article 3 Ill-Treatment – Framework Duty 5. Duty to Investigate Article 3 Ill-Treatment 6. Physical Integrity 7. Conditions of Detention and Treatment of Detainees 8. Violence and Threatening Behaviour 9. Sentencing 10. State Support 11. Removal, Deportation and Extradition 9. Article 5: The Right to Liberty and Security 1. Introduction 2. What Constitutes a Deprivation of Liberty? 3. Article 5(1) 4. Article 5(2): Reasons for Arrest 5. Article 5(3) 6. Article 5(4) 7. Article 5(5): Enforceable Right to Compensation 10. Article 6: The Right to a Fair Trial 1. Introduction 2. Removal, Deportation and Extradition 3. Article 6(1) Application: Determination of Civil Rights and Obligations 4. Article 6(1) Application: Determination of Any Criminal Charge 5. Access to Court 6. Fair Hearing 7. Public Hearing and Public Pronouncement 8. Reasonable Time 9. Independent and Impartial Tribunal 10. Tribunal Established by Law 11. Article 6(2): Presumption of Innocence 12. Article 6(3)(a): Informed of the Nature and Cause of the Accusation 13. Article 6(3)(b): Adequate Time and Facilities for Preparation of Defence 14. Article 6(3)(c): Legal Assistance 15. Article 6(3)(d): Witnesses 16. Article 6(3)(e): Interpreter 11. Article 8: The Right to Respect for Private Life 1. Introduction 2. Who Must Respect Private Life? The Development of Tort Law 3. Private Life 4. Positive Duties 5. Permitted Interferences 6. National Security 7. Economic Well-being of the Country 8. Prevention of Disorder or Crime 9. Protection of Health 10. Protection of Morals 11. Protection of the Rights and Freedoms of Others 12. Article 8: The Right to Respect for Family Life 1. Introduction 2. Family Life 3. Interference 4. Permitted Interferences 5. Economic Well-being of the Country 6. Prevention of Disorder or Crime 7. Protection of the Rights and Freedoms of Others 13. Article 8: The Right to Respect for Home 1. Introduction 2. Home 3. Interference 4. Positive Duties 5. Justifying an Interference with the Right to Respect for Home 6. For the Prevention of Disorder or Crime 7. Economic Well-being of the Country 8. Protection of the Rights and Freedoms of Others 14. Article 9: Freedom of Thought, Conscience and Religion1. Introduction 2. The Right to Believe 3. The Right to Manifest 4. Interference with Manifestation of Belief 5. Permitted Interferences with the Right to Manifest 15. Article 10: The Right to Freedom of Expression 1. Introduction 2. Expression 3. Medium, Manner and Timing of Communication 4. Freedom to Receive and Impart Information and Ideas 5. Interference 6. Positive Duties 7. Permitted Interferences – Generally 8. Proportionality – General Principles 9. National Security 10. Prevention of Disorder or Crime 11. Protection of Health or Morals 12. Protection of the Reputation of Others 13. Protection of the Rights of Others 14. Preventing the Disclosure of Information Received in Confidence 15. Maintaining the Authority and Impartiality of the Judiciary 16. Article 14: Prohibition of Discrimination 1. Introduction 2. Application: No Independent Existence3. Without Discrimination 4. Grounds of Prohibited Discrimination 5. Analogous Position – Comparators 6. Objective and Reasonable Justification 7. Remedy for Breach 8. Positive Duties 17. Article 1 of Protocol No 1: Protection of Property 1. Introduction 2. Possessions3. Interferences with the Peaceful Enjoyment of Possessions 4. Justifying Interferences 5. Consumer Protection 6. Planning and the Environment 7. The Rights of Others – Article 1 of Protocol 1 8. Social Justice9. Protection of Morals 10. Prevention of Crime and Illegality 11. Economic Well-being of the Country 12. Reduction of the National Budget Deficit