Charlene Mires is Professor of History at Rutgers University-Camden and Editor-in-Chief of The Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia. Jean R. Soderlund is Professor of History Emeritus at Lehigh University. Her books include Lenape Country: Delaware Valley Society Before William Penn (2015).

• Preface Charlene Mires xiii Chapter 1 CHALLENGING THE NATION’S PARADOX : FREEDOM SEEKERS AND ENTREPRENEURS Jean R. Soderlund 1 Chapter 2 A NATION’S PAST, THE REGION’S LEGACY Charlene Mires 7 Chapter 3 NATION FOUNDED Introduction 13 Revolutionary Crisis by Shannon E. Duffy 15 Crowds (Colonial and Revolutionary Eras) by Toni Pitock 18 Continental Congresses by Michael Karpyn 20 Common Sense by John Saillant 21 Declaration of Independence by Michael Karpyn 23 Loyalists by Shannon E. Duffy 26 Native Americans in the Revolutionary Era by Jean R. Soderlund 28 Trenton and Princeton Campaign (Washington’s Crossing) by Stuart Leibiger 30 Philadelphia Campaign by Jennifer Lawrence Janofsky 32 British Occupation of Philadelphia by Martha K. Robinson 35 Fort Wilson by David Reader 37 Ladies Association of Philadelphia by Jacqueline Beatty 38 Articles of Confederation by Michael DiCamillo 39 Constitutional Convention of 1787 by Stuart Leibiger 41 Explore More 44 Chapter 4 NATION’S CAPITAL Introduction 47 Capital of the United States (Selection of Philadelphia) by Hillary S. Kativa 48 U.S. Congress by Coxey Toogood 52 U.S. Presidency by Stuart Leibiger 54 U.S. Supreme Court by Laura Michel 57 Bank of North America by Robert F. Smith 59 First Bank of the United States by Jordan AP Fansler 60 Whiskey Rebellion Trials by Patrick Grubbs 62 Alien and Sedition Acts by Nathaniel Conley 63 Fries Rebellion by Patrick Grubbs 65 “Hail, Columbia” by Jack McCarthy 66 Explore More 68 Chapter 5 REVOLUTION REMEMBERED Introduction 71 Independence Hall by Charlene Mires 72 The Liberty Bell by Gary B. Nash 75 Valley Forge by Siobhan Fitzpatrick 78 Lafayette’s Tour by Charlene Mires 79 Constitution Commemorations by Hillary S. Kativa 81 Centennial Exhibition by Stephanie Grauman Wolf 83 Sesquicentennial International Exposition by Martin W. Wilson 86 Bicentennial by Madison Eggert-Crowe and Scott Gabriel Knowles 90 1776 by Alexandra Jordan Thelin 92 National Parks by Seth C. Bruggeman 93 Museum of the American Revolution by Virginia Mulligan 96 National Constitution Center by Mabel Rosenheck 98 Explore More 102 Chapter 6 CONTRADICTIONS OF ENSLAVEMENT AND SERVITUDE Introduction 105 Enslavement by James Gigantino 106 Indentured Servitude by Jean R. Soderlund 109 Abolitionism by Richard S. Newman 111 Escape, Vigilance, and the Underground Railroad by Beverly C. Tomek 112 Christiana Riot Trial by James Kopaczewski 116 Pennsylvania Emancipation Exposition (1913) by Charlene Mires 117 National Freedom Day by Charlene Mires 118 Explore More 120 Chapter 7 CAPITAL OF BLACK AMERICA Introduction 123 Free Black Communities by Andrew Diemer 124 African American Migration Since 1820 by James Wolfinger 128 Free African Society by Elise Kammerer 130 Mother Bethel AME Church: Congregation and Community by Ricardo Howell 131 National Colored Convention Movement by Lucien Holness 134 Appeal of Forty Thousand Citizens by David Reader 135 The Philadelphia Negro by Steven McGrail 137 African American Museum in Philadelphia by Mabel Rosenheck 138 Explore More 142 Chapter 8 CONTESTING AND EXPANDING THE NATION Introduction 145 Bank War by Andrew T. Tremel 147 Riots of the 1830s and 1840s by Patrick Grubbs 148 Civil War by Theodore Zeman 150 United States Colored Troops by Lucien Holness 155 Civil War Museum of Philadelphia by Mabel Rosenheck 157 Woman Suffrage and Women’s Rights by Tamara Gaskell and Jean R. Soderlund 160 Civil Rights (African American) by James Wolfinger and Stanley Arnold 165 Black Power by Holly Genovese 169 Lenape People (Continuing Presence) by Matthew J. Soderblom 170 Civil Rights (LGBT) by Dan Royles 172 Civil Rights (Persons with Disabilities) by Charlene Mires 177 American Civil Liberties Union by Will Caverly 178 Gray Panthers by Emily Krichbaum 179 Occupy Philadelphia by John E. Smith III 180 Black Lives Matter by Gwendolyn Fowler 182 Explore More 184 Chapter 9 DEFENDING THE NATION Introduction 189 Civil Defense by Sarah E. Robey 190 Veterans and Veterans’ Organizations by Robert J. Kodosky 192 Forts and Fortifications by Jeffery M. Dorwart 196 Military Bases by Melissa Ziobro 201 Philadelphia Navy Yard by Jim Saksa 203 National Guard by William V. Bartleson 206 Armories by Jean-Pierre Beugoms 209 Arsenals by Jean-Pierre Beugoms 211 Explore More 214 Chapter 10 THE REGION’S REACH TO THE NATION Introduction 217 Postal Services by Charlene Mires 218 Political Party Origins by Brian Hendricks 226 Political Conventions by Daniel T. Kirsch 228 Insurance by Hannah Farber 232 Banking by Michael A. Martorelli 235 United States Mint (Philadelphia) by Stephen Burciaga 238 Printing and Publishing by James J. Wyatt 240 Almanacs by Kelli Billings 244 Book Publishing and Publishers by Ann K. Johnson 246 Railroad Industry by John Hepp 248 Telegraphy by Lucy Davis 252 Telephones by Lucy Davis 252 Radio by Vibiana Bowman Cvetkovic 256 Television by Vibiana Bowman Cvetkovic 260 Explore More 264 Chapter 11 PHILADELPHIA IN AMERICAN POPULAR CULTURE Introduction 267 “I’d Rather Be in Philadelphia” by Charlene Mires 268 Philadelphia in Popular Music by Jack McCarthy 269 Feature Films by Jake Blumgart 275 The Philadelphia Story by Joanna Kolendo 277 Television Shows About Philadelphia by Megan C. McGee Yinger 278 American Bandstand by Jordan McClain and Amanda McClain 280 It’s Always Sunny in Philadelphia by Cody Schreck 282 Sports Teams (Major Leagues) by Roger D. Simon 283 Sports Mascots by Ed Moorhouse 288 Rocky by Laura M. Holzman 291 Explore More 294 Contributors 297 Subject Index 301 Place Index 315 Biographical Index 321 Acknowledgments 331

Charlene Mires is Professor of History at Rutgers University-Camden and Editor-in-Chief of The Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia. Jean R. Soderlund is Professor of History Emeritus at Lehigh University. Her books include Lenape Country: Delaware Valley Society Before William Penn (2015).

• Preface Charlene Mires xiii Chapter 1 CHALLENGING THE NATION’S PARADOX : FREEDOM SEEKERS AND ENTREPRENEURS Jean R. Soderlund 1 Chapter 2 A NATION’S PAST, THE REGION’S LEGACY Charlene Mires 7 Chapter 3 NATION FOUNDED Introduction 13 Revolutionary Crisis by Shannon E. Duffy 15 Crowds (Colonial and Revolutionary Eras) by Toni Pitock 18 Continental Congresses by Michael Karpyn 20 Common Sense by John Saillant 21 Declaration of Independence by Michael Karpyn 23 Loyalists by Shannon E. Duffy 26 Native Americans in the Revolutionary Era by Jean R. Soderlund 28 Trenton and Princeton Campaign (Washington’s Crossing) by Stuart Leibiger 30 Philadelphia Campaign by Jennifer Lawrence Janofsky 32 British Occupation of Philadelphia by Martha K. Robinson 35 Fort Wilson by David Reader 37 Ladies Association of Philadelphia by Jacqueline Beatty 38 Articles of Confederation by Michael DiCamillo 39 Constitutional Convention of 1787 by Stuart Leibiger 41 Explore More 44 Chapter 4 NATION’S CAPITAL Introduction 47 Capital of the United States (Selection of Philadelphia) by Hillary S. Kativa 48 U.S. Congress by Coxey Toogood 52 U.S. Presidency by Stuart Leibiger 54 U.S. Supreme Court by Laura Michel 57 Bank of North America by Robert F. Smith 59 First Bank of the United States by Jordan AP Fansler 60 Whiskey Rebellion Trials by Patrick Grubbs 62 Alien and Sedition Acts by Nathaniel Conley 63 Fries Rebellion by Patrick Grubbs 65 “Hail, Columbia” by Jack McCarthy 66 Explore More 68 Chapter 5 REVOLUTION REMEMBERED Introduction 71 Independence Hall by Charlene Mires 72 The Liberty Bell by Gary B. Nash 75 Valley Forge by Siobhan Fitzpatrick 78 Lafayette’s Tour by Charlene Mires 79 Constitution Commemorations by Hillary S. Kativa 81 Centennial Exhibition by Stephanie Grauman Wolf 83 Sesquicentennial International Exposition by Martin W. Wilson 86 Bicentennial by Madison Eggert-Crowe and Scott Gabriel Knowles 90 1776 by Alexandra Jordan Thelin 92 National Parks by Seth C. Bruggeman 93 Museum of the American Revolution by Virginia Mulligan 96 National Constitution Center by Mabel Rosenheck 98 Explore More 102 Chapter 6 CONTRADICTIONS OF ENSLAVEMENT AND SERVITUDE Introduction 105 Enslavement by James Gigantino 106 Indentured Servitude by Jean R. Soderlund 109 Abolitionism by Richard S. Newman 111 Escape, Vigilance, and the Underground Railroad by Beverly C. Tomek 112 Christiana Riot Trial by James Kopaczewski 116 Pennsylvania Emancipation Exposition (1913) by Charlene Mires 117 National Freedom Day by Charlene Mires 118 Explore More 120 Chapter 7 CAPITAL OF BLACK AMERICA Introduction 123 Free Black Communities by Andrew Diemer 124 African American Migration Since 1820 by James Wolfinger 128 Free African Society by Elise Kammerer 130 Mother Bethel AME Church: Congregation and Community by Ricardo Howell 131 National Colored Convention Movement by Lucien Holness 134 Appeal of Forty Thousand Citizens by David Reader 135 The Philadelphia Negro by Steven McGrail 137 African American Museum in Philadelphia by Mabel Rosenheck 138 Explore More 142 Chapter 8 CONTESTING AND EXPANDING THE NATION Introduction 145 Bank War by Andrew T. Tremel 147 Riots of the 1830s and 1840s by Patrick Grubbs 148 Civil War by Theodore Zeman 150 United States Colored Troops by Lucien Holness 155 Civil War Museum of Philadelphia by Mabel Rosenheck 157 Woman Suffrage and Women’s Rights by Tamara Gaskell and Jean R. Soderlund 160 Civil Rights (African American) by James Wolfinger and Stanley Arnold 165 Black Power by Holly Genovese 169 Lenape People (Continuing Presence) by Matthew J. Soderblom 170 Civil Rights (LGBT) by Dan Royles 172 Civil Rights (Persons with Disabilities) by Charlene Mires 177 American Civil Liberties Union by Will Caverly 178 Gray Panthers by Emily Krichbaum 179 Occupy Philadelphia by John E. Smith III 180 Black Lives Matter by Gwendolyn Fowler 182 Explore More 184 Chapter 9 DEFENDING THE NATION Introduction 189 Civil Defense by Sarah E. Robey 190 Veterans and Veterans’ Organizations by Robert J. Kodosky 192 Forts and Fortifications by Jeffery M. Dorwart 196 Military Bases by Melissa Ziobro 201 Philadelphia Navy Yard by Jim Saksa 203 National Guard by William V. Bartleson 206 Armories by Jean-Pierre Beugoms 209 Arsenals by Jean-Pierre Beugoms 211 Explore More 214 Chapter 10 THE REGION’S REACH TO THE NATION Introduction 217 Postal Services by Charlene Mires 218 Political Party Origins by Brian Hendricks 226 Political Conventions by Daniel T. Kirsch 228 Insurance by Hannah Farber 232 Banking by Michael A. Martorelli 235 United States Mint (Philadelphia) by Stephen Burciaga 238 Printing and Publishing by James J. Wyatt 240 Almanacs by Kelli Billings 244 Book Publishing and Publishers by Ann K. Johnson 246 Railroad Industry by John Hepp 248 Telegraphy by Lucy Davis 252 Telephones by Lucy Davis 252 Radio by Vibiana Bowman Cvetkovic 256 Television by Vibiana Bowman Cvetkovic 260 Explore More 264 Chapter 11 PHILADELPHIA IN AMERICAN POPULAR CULTURE Introduction 267 “I’d Rather Be in Philadelphia” by Charlene Mires 268 Philadelphia in Popular Music by Jack McCarthy 269 Feature Films by Jake Blumgart 275 The Philadelphia Story by Joanna Kolendo 277 Television Shows About Philadelphia by Megan C. McGee Yinger 278 American Bandstand by Jordan McClain and Amanda McClain 280 It’s Always Sunny in Philadelphia by Cody Schreck 282 Sports Teams (Major Leagues) by Roger D. Simon 283 Sports Mascots by Ed Moorhouse 288 Rocky by Laura M. Holzman 291 Explore More 294 Contributors 297 Subject Index 301 Place Index 315 Biographical Index 321 Acknowledgments 331

Charlene Mires is Professor of History at Rutgers University-Camden and Editor-in-Chief of The Encyclopedia of Greater Philadelphia. Jean R. Soderlund is Professor of History Emeritus at Lehigh University. Her books include Lenape Country: Delaware Valley Society Before William Penn (2015).

• Preface Charlene Mires xiii Chapter 1 CHALLENGING THE NATION’S PARADOX : FREEDOM SEEKERS AND ENTREPRENEURS Jean R. Soderlund 1 Chapter 2 A NATION’S PAST, THE REGION’S LEGACY Charlene Mires 7 Chapter 3 NATION FOUNDED Introduction 13 Revolutionary Crisis by Shannon E. Duffy 15 Crowds (Colonial and Revolutionary Eras) by Toni Pitock 18 Continental Congresses by Michael Karpyn 20 Common Sense by John Saillant 21 Declaration of Independence by Michael Karpyn 23 Loyalists by Shannon E. Duffy 26 Native Americans in the Revolutionary Era by Jean R. Soderlund 28 Trenton and Princeton Campaign (Washington’s Crossing) by Stuart Leibiger 30 Philadelphia Campaign by Jennifer Lawrence Janofsky 32 British Occupation of Philadelphia by Martha K. Robinson 35 Fort Wilson by David Reader 37 Ladies Association of Philadelphia by Jacqueline Beatty 38 Articles of Confederation by Michael DiCamillo 39 Constitutional Convention of 1787 by Stuart Leibiger 41 Explore More 44 Chapter 4 NATION’S CAPITAL Introduction 47 Capital of the United States (Selection of Philadelphia) by Hillary S. Kativa 48 U.S. Congress by Coxey Toogood 52 U.S. Presidency by Stuart Leibiger 54 U.S. Supreme Court by Laura Michel 57 Bank of North America by Robert F. Smith 59 First Bank of the United States by Jordan AP Fansler 60 Whiskey Rebellion Trials by Patrick Grubbs 62 Alien and Sedition Acts by Nathaniel Conley 63 Fries Rebellion by Patrick Grubbs 65 “Hail, Columbia” by Jack McCarthy 66 Explore More 68 Chapter 5 REVOLUTION REMEMBERED Introduction 71 Independence Hall by Charlene Mires 72 The Liberty Bell by Gary B. Nash 75 Valley Forge by Siobhan Fitzpatrick 78 Lafayette’s Tour by Charlene Mires 79 Constitution Commemorations by Hillary S. Kativa 81 Centennial Exhibition by Stephanie Grauman Wolf 83 Sesquicentennial International Exposition by Martin W. Wilson 86 Bicentennial by Madison Eggert-Crowe and Scott Gabriel Knowles 90 1776 by Alexandra Jordan Thelin 92 National Parks by Seth C. Bruggeman 93 Museum of the American Revolution by Virginia Mulligan 96 National Constitution Center by Mabel Rosenheck 98 Explore More 102 Chapter 6 CONTRADICTIONS OF ENSLAVEMENT AND SERVITUDE Introduction 105 Enslavement by James Gigantino 106 Indentured Servitude by Jean R. Soderlund 109 Abolitionism by Richard S. Newman 111 Escape, Vigilance, and the Underground Railroad by Beverly C. Tomek 112 Christiana Riot Trial by James Kopaczewski 116 Pennsylvania Emancipation Exposition (1913) by Charlene Mires 117 National Freedom Day by Charlene Mires 118 Explore More 120 Chapter 7 CAPITAL OF BLACK AMERICA Introduction 123 Free Black Communities by Andrew Diemer 124 African American Migration Since 1820 by James Wolfinger 128 Free African Society by Elise Kammerer 130 Mother Bethel AME Church: Congregation and Community by Ricardo Howell 131 National Colored Convention Movement by Lucien Holness 134 Appeal of Forty Thousand Citizens by David Reader 135 The Philadelphia Negro by Steven McGrail 137 African American Museum in Philadelphia by Mabel Rosenheck 138 Explore More 142 Chapter 8 CONTESTING AND EXPANDING THE NATION Introduction 145 Bank War by Andrew T. Tremel 147 Riots of the 1830s and 1840s by Patrick Grubbs 148 Civil War by Theodore Zeman 150 United States Colored Troops by Lucien Holness 155 Civil War Museum of Philadelphia by Mabel Rosenheck 157 Woman Suffrage and Women’s Rights by Tamara Gaskell and Jean R. Soderlund 160 Civil Rights (African American) by James Wolfinger and Stanley Arnold 165 Black Power by Holly Genovese 169 Lenape People (Continuing Presence) by Matthew J. Soderblom 170 Civil Rights (LGBT) by Dan Royles 172 Civil Rights (Persons with Disabilities) by Charlene Mires 177 American Civil Liberties Union by Will Caverly 178 Gray Panthers by Emily Krichbaum 179 Occupy Philadelphia by John E. Smith III 180 Black Lives Matter by Gwendolyn Fowler 182 Explore More 184 Chapter 9 DEFENDING THE NATION Introduction 189 Civil Defense by Sarah E. Robey 190 Veterans and Veterans’ Organizations by Robert J. Kodosky 192 Forts and Fortifications by Jeffery M. Dorwart 196 Military Bases by Melissa Ziobro 201 Philadelphia Navy Yard by Jim Saksa 203 National Guard by William V. Bartleson 206 Armories by Jean-Pierre Beugoms 209 Arsenals by Jean-Pierre Beugoms 211 Explore More 214 Chapter 10 THE REGION’S REACH TO THE NATION Introduction 217 Postal Services by Charlene Mires 218 Political Party Origins by Brian Hendricks 226 Political Conventions by Daniel T. Kirsch 228 Insurance by Hannah Farber 232 Banking by Michael A. Martorelli 235 United States Mint (Philadelphia) by Stephen Burciaga 238 Printing and Publishing by James J. Wyatt 240 Almanacs by Kelli Billings 244 Book Publishing and Publishers by Ann K. Johnson 246 Railroad Industry by John Hepp 248 Telegraphy by Lucy Davis 252 Telephones by Lucy Davis 252 Radio by Vibiana Bowman Cvetkovic 256 Television by Vibiana Bowman Cvetkovic 260 Explore More 264 Chapter 11 PHILADELPHIA IN AMERICAN POPULAR CULTURE Introduction 267 “I’d Rather Be in Philadelphia” by Charlene Mires 268 Philadelphia in Popular Music by Jack McCarthy 269 Feature Films by Jake Blumgart 275 The Philadelphia Story by Joanna Kolendo 277 Television Shows About Philadelphia by Megan C. McGee Yinger 278 American Bandstand by Jordan McClain and Amanda McClain 280 It’s Always Sunny in Philadelphia by Cody Schreck 282 Sports Teams (Major Leagues) by Roger D. Simon 283 Sports Mascots by Ed Moorhouse 288 Rocky by Laura M. Holzman 291 Explore More 294 Contributors 297 Subject Index 301 Place Index 315 Biographical Index 321 Acknowledgments 331