Jadwiga Biskupska (Edited By) Jadwiga Biskupska is an associate professor of military history at Sam Houston State University and co-director of the Second World War Research Group, North America. She completed her PhD at Yale University and is the author of Survivors: Warsaw under Nazi Occupation (Cambridge, 2022), which won the 2022 Heldt Prize of the Association for Women in Slavic Studies.Sara B. Castro (Edited By) Sara B. Castro is an associate professor of history at the US Air Force Academy in Colorado Springs, Colorado, where she teaches global, military, and East Asian history. She served as president of the Society of Intelligence Historians (SIH), 2022–2024. She completed her PhD at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and is the author of Mission to Mao: US Intelligence and the Chinese Communists in World War II (Georgetown, 2024).

"The editors are to be congratulated for producing an excellent book which sets wide-ranging and ambitious intellectual goals and assuredly fulfills them. It will be of great value and interest to scholars of the Second World War and Twentieth Century global history." - Andrew Stewart, Visiting Professor, King’s College London

• ForewordRobert Citino ixIntroduction: Taking Our First Shots in the DarkJadwiga Biskupska 1Part I Institutional Adaptation1. The Dixie Mission(aries): The Protestant Roots of US Intelligence Officers in Wartime ChinaSara B. Castro 132. The Diversity and Versatility of British Intelligence in Iraq, 1939-1945Adrian O'Sullivan 353. Prelude to Barbarossa? The 4th Mountain Division War in Yugoslavia, April-May 1941Jeff Rutherford 614. "Believed Reliable": The "Morale and Opinions" of German Prisoners of War in the United States,February 1944-June 1945Derek R. Mallett 85Part II Totalization: The Militarization of Civilians5. Montelimar's Phony War: Requisitions, Mobilization, and French CiviliansCameron Zinsou 1136. Red Army Divisions' Growing Demand for Artistic Service: Entertainment at the Front, 1941-1945Erina Megowan 1347. From Covert Reports to Front-Page News: How North American Newspaper Reports Contributed to Views on Reconnaissance Actions in Northwest EuropeVictoria Sotvedt 1588. "Everything We Can Lay Hands On": Canadian Soldiers and Sexual Violence in Germany in 1945Claire Cookson-Hills 179Part III Cultural Transformation9. "The Men of Bataan Lived Up to the Best American Tradition":Journalists, Civilians, Politicians, and the Meaning of Surrender during World War IIElena M. Friot 20710. Who Do You Believe? Loyalty and Asian Americans in the OSS during World War IIBrian Masaru Hayashi 23011. World War II and Soviet Intelligence and State Security Officer DefectorsKevin P. Riehle 25012. The Space Between: Hildegard Beetz, Espionage, and Gender, 1944-1949Katrin Paehler 278Acknowledgments 305Acronyms and Abbreviations 307Contributors 311Index 315

Jadwiga Biskupska (Edited By) Jadwiga Biskupska is an associate professor of military history at Sam Houston State University and co-director of the Second World War Research Group, North America. She completed her PhD at Yale University and is the author of Survivors: Warsaw under Nazi Occupation (Cambridge, 2022), which won the 2022 Heldt Prize of the Association for Women in Slavic Studies.Sara B. Castro (Edited By) Sara B. Castro is an associate professor of history at the US Air Force Academy in Colorado Springs, Colorado, where she teaches global, military, and East Asian history. She served as president of the Society of Intelligence Historians (SIH), 2022–2024. She completed her PhD at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and is the author of Mission to Mao: US Intelligence and the Chinese Communists in World War II (Georgetown, 2024).

"The editors are to be congratulated for producing an excellent book which sets wide-ranging and ambitious intellectual goals and assuredly fulfills them. It will be of great value and interest to scholars of the Second World War and Twentieth Century global history." - Andrew Stewart, Visiting Professor, King’s College London

• ForewordRobert Citino ixIntroduction: Taking Our First Shots in the DarkJadwiga Biskupska 1Part I Institutional Adaptation1. The Dixie Mission(aries): The Protestant Roots of US Intelligence Officers in Wartime ChinaSara B. Castro 132. The Diversity and Versatility of British Intelligence in Iraq, 1939-1945Adrian O'Sullivan 353. Prelude to Barbarossa? The 4th Mountain Division War in Yugoslavia, April-May 1941Jeff Rutherford 614. "Believed Reliable": The "Morale and Opinions" of German Prisoners of War in the United States,February 1944-June 1945Derek R. Mallett 85Part II Totalization: The Militarization of Civilians5. Montelimar's Phony War: Requisitions, Mobilization, and French CiviliansCameron Zinsou 1136. Red Army Divisions' Growing Demand for Artistic Service: Entertainment at the Front, 1941-1945Erina Megowan 1347. From Covert Reports to Front-Page News: How North American Newspaper Reports Contributed to Views on Reconnaissance Actions in Northwest EuropeVictoria Sotvedt 1588. "Everything We Can Lay Hands On": Canadian Soldiers and Sexual Violence in Germany in 1945Claire Cookson-Hills 179Part III Cultural Transformation9. "The Men of Bataan Lived Up to the Best American Tradition":Journalists, Civilians, Politicians, and the Meaning of Surrender during World War IIElena M. Friot 20710. Who Do You Believe? Loyalty and Asian Americans in the OSS during World War IIBrian Masaru Hayashi 23011. World War II and Soviet Intelligence and State Security Officer DefectorsKevin P. Riehle 25012. The Space Between: Hildegard Beetz, Espionage, and Gender, 1944-1949Katrin Paehler 278Acknowledgments 305Acronyms and Abbreviations 307Contributors 311Index 315

Jadwiga Biskupska (Edited By) Jadwiga Biskupska is an associate professor of military history at Sam Houston State University and co-director of the Second World War Research Group, North America. She completed her PhD at Yale University and is the author of Survivors: Warsaw under Nazi Occupation (Cambridge, 2022), which won the 2022 Heldt Prize of the Association for Women in Slavic Studies.Sara B. Castro (Edited By) Sara B. Castro is an associate professor of history at the US Air Force Academy in Colorado Springs, Colorado, where she teaches global, military, and East Asian history. She served as president of the Society of Intelligence Historians (SIH), 2022–2024. She completed her PhD at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and is the author of Mission to Mao: US Intelligence and the Chinese Communists in World War II (Georgetown, 2024).

"The editors are to be congratulated for producing an excellent book which sets wide-ranging and ambitious intellectual goals and assuredly fulfills them. It will be of great value and interest to scholars of the Second World War and Twentieth Century global history." - Andrew Stewart, Visiting Professor, King’s College London

• ForewordRobert Citino ixIntroduction: Taking Our First Shots in the DarkJadwiga Biskupska 1Part I Institutional Adaptation1. The Dixie Mission(aries): The Protestant Roots of US Intelligence Officers in Wartime ChinaSara B. Castro 132. The Diversity and Versatility of British Intelligence in Iraq, 1939-1945Adrian O'Sullivan 353. Prelude to Barbarossa? The 4th Mountain Division War in Yugoslavia, April-May 1941Jeff Rutherford 614. "Believed Reliable": The "Morale and Opinions" of German Prisoners of War in the United States,February 1944-June 1945Derek R. Mallett 85Part II Totalization: The Militarization of Civilians5. Montelimar's Phony War: Requisitions, Mobilization, and French CiviliansCameron Zinsou 1136. Red Army Divisions' Growing Demand for Artistic Service: Entertainment at the Front, 1941-1945Erina Megowan 1347. From Covert Reports to Front-Page News: How North American Newspaper Reports Contributed to Views on Reconnaissance Actions in Northwest EuropeVictoria Sotvedt 1588. "Everything We Can Lay Hands On": Canadian Soldiers and Sexual Violence in Germany in 1945Claire Cookson-Hills 179Part III Cultural Transformation9. "The Men of Bataan Lived Up to the Best American Tradition":Journalists, Civilians, Politicians, and the Meaning of Surrender during World War IIElena M. Friot 20710. Who Do You Believe? Loyalty and Asian Americans in the OSS during World War IIBrian Masaru Hayashi 23011. World War II and Soviet Intelligence and State Security Officer DefectorsKevin P. Riehle 25012. The Space Between: Hildegard Beetz, Espionage, and Gender, 1944-1949Katrin Paehler 278Acknowledgments 305Acronyms and Abbreviations 307Contributors 311Index 315