The opening chapter of Advances in Chemistry Research. Volume 53 reviews the many theoretical predictions of nitrogen oligomers and discusses their potential applications. Predictions of nitrogen oligomers encapsulated in carbon nanotubes, free standing oligomers and single crystals of nitrogen oligomers are also discussed. Additionally, a focus on the synthesis of various electron push and electron pull units towards the construction of push-pull unit decorated oligomers and their application as organic optoelectronic materials is presented. The authors provide a summary of relevant methodologies for using an alcohol as reducing agent. The authors go on to examine how yellow laccases differ from blue laccases in fungal strains. Laccase is an oxidoreductase with four copper ions in two active sites, which catalyzes the oxidation of reduced substrates usually phenols or aromatic amines, coupled with the reduction of molecular oxygen to water. The penultimate chapter discusses the novel features of biphenyl-based systems and how their rigidity and compactness provide detectable signals even for poorly conducting conformations. A literature review on ethylbenzene extraction using ionic liquids is presented in the final section and the results are discussed in the light of selectivity and distribution coefficients since both of them affect process efficiency.
