David S. Younger, MD, DrPH, MPH, MS, is a recognized authority in the use of immunotherapy to treat childhood and adult neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. He has personally authored more than 300 peer-reviewed articles, book chapters, and abstracts and has authored or edited a multitude of works, including The Autoimmune Brain, that has won him acclaim from his peers and patients. He is affiliate professor of medical neuroscience at the City University of New York Medical School, where he provides student mentorship, teaching, and expertise in clinical and basic neuroscience and neuroepidemiology.

Motor Disorders, by David S. Younger has been used by generations of neurologists and neurosurgeons. I will be sharing the new Fourth Edition with my colleagues and trainees.

• Preface to the Fourth Edition Foreword by Josep DalmauI. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS1. Correlative Neuroanatomy 2. Brain Neuroimaging 3. Spinal Cord Neuroimaging4. Neurophysiology of Clinical Motor Control 5. Electrodiagnostic Studies in Motor Disorders6. Electrophysiology of the Motor Unit7. Autonomic Electrophysiological Assessment 8. Muscle and Nerve Biopsy Pathology 9. Cytopathology and Ultrastructure of CNS Motor Diseases 10. Neurogenetic Evaluation of Motor Disorders 11. Neurologic Hereditary Metabolic Diseases of Infancy and Childhood 12. Vertigo and Vestibular Disorders 13. Laryngeal Motor Disorders 14. Vasculitis of the Nervous System 15. Clinical Research Parameters in Neuromuscular Disease II. NERVE AND MUSCLE DISEASES16. Isolated and Multiple Cranial Nerve Palsies 17. The Hypotonic Infant 18. Inflammatory Myopathies 19. Metabolic Myopathies 20. Childhood Muscular Dystrophies 21. Distal Myopathies 22. The Channelopathies 23. Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy 24. Myalgia, Fibromyalgia, Fasciculation, and Cramps 25. Myasthenia Gravis and Myasthenic Syndromes26. Entrapment Neuropathies 27. Plexus Disorders 28. Diabetic Neuropathy 29. Multifocal Motor Neuropathy 30. Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disorders 31. Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy 32. Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy and Related Disorders 55733. Lyme Neuroborreliosis 34. Motor Neuropathy and Monoclonal Gammopathy 35. Critical Illness Disorders III. SPINAL CORD DISEASES36. Rupture of an Intervertebral Disc and Related Disorders 37. Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) Deficiency 38. Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia 39. Tropical Myeloneuropathy 40. Motor Dysfunction in Multiple Sclerosis 41. Hereditary Cerebellar Ataxia 42. Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy 43. Spinal Cord and Foramen Magnum Tumors 44. Spinal Vascular Malformations IV. THE NEURONAL DEGENERATIONS45. Blood Brain Barrier 46. Cerebral Vascular Malformations 47. Brain Tumors 48. Childhood Spinal Muscular Atrophy 49. Genetic Basis of Familial Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 50. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 51. Parkinsonian Syndromes and Multisystem Atrophies 52. Poliomyelitis and the Post-Polio Syndrome 53. Paraneoplastic Disorders and Motor Dysfunction 54. Autoimmune Encephalitides 55. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection 56. Covid-19 Neurological Illness 57. Growth Factors and Signals: Impact on Neurological Systems 58. Adult and Childhood Hydrocephalus 59. Stroke and Motor Disorders 60. Motor Sequela of Dementia 61. Motor Disorders in Epilepsy V. NEUROREHABILITATION62. Traumatic Brain Injury 63. Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury 64. Stroke Rehabilitation 65. Principles of Neuromuscular Rehabilitation 66. Respiratory Muscle Aids 67. Motor Aspects of Childhood Sleep Disorders 68. Evaluation and Management of Swallowing and Voice Disorders 69. Bladder, Bowel, and Sexual Disorders 70. Motor Disorders Associated with Cerebral Palsy 71. Management of Spasticity 72. Botulinum Toxin for Motor Disorders 73. Multidisciplinary Integrated Psychosocial and Palliative Care

David S. Younger, MD, DrPH, MPH, MS, is a recognized authority in the use of immunotherapy to treat childhood and adult neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. He has personally authored more than 300 peer-reviewed articles, book chapters, and abstracts and has authored or edited a multitude of works, including The Autoimmune Brain, that has won him acclaim from his peers and patients. He is affiliate professor of medical neuroscience at the City University of New York Medical School, where he provides student mentorship, teaching, and expertise in clinical and basic neuroscience and neuroepidemiology.

Motor Disorders, by David S. Younger has been used by generations of neurologists and neurosurgeons. I will be sharing the new Fourth Edition with my colleagues and trainees.

• Preface to the Fourth Edition Foreword by Josep DalmauI. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS1. Correlative Neuroanatomy 2. Brain Neuroimaging 3. Spinal Cord Neuroimaging4. Neurophysiology of Clinical Motor Control 5. Electrodiagnostic Studies in Motor Disorders6. Electrophysiology of the Motor Unit7. Autonomic Electrophysiological Assessment 8. Muscle and Nerve Biopsy Pathology 9. Cytopathology and Ultrastructure of CNS Motor Diseases 10. Neurogenetic Evaluation of Motor Disorders 11. Neurologic Hereditary Metabolic Diseases of Infancy and Childhood 12. Vertigo and Vestibular Disorders 13. Laryngeal Motor Disorders 14. Vasculitis of the Nervous System 15. Clinical Research Parameters in Neuromuscular Disease II. NERVE AND MUSCLE DISEASES16. Isolated and Multiple Cranial Nerve Palsies 17. The Hypotonic Infant 18. Inflammatory Myopathies 19. Metabolic Myopathies 20. Childhood Muscular Dystrophies 21. Distal Myopathies 22. The Channelopathies 23. Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy 24. Myalgia, Fibromyalgia, Fasciculation, and Cramps 25. Myasthenia Gravis and Myasthenic Syndromes26. Entrapment Neuropathies 27. Plexus Disorders 28. Diabetic Neuropathy 29. Multifocal Motor Neuropathy 30. Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disorders 31. Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy 32. Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy and Related Disorders 55733. Lyme Neuroborreliosis 34. Motor Neuropathy and Monoclonal Gammopathy 35. Critical Illness Disorders III. SPINAL CORD DISEASES36. Rupture of an Intervertebral Disc and Related Disorders 37. Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) Deficiency 38. Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia 39. Tropical Myeloneuropathy 40. Motor Dysfunction in Multiple Sclerosis 41. Hereditary Cerebellar Ataxia 42. Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy 43. Spinal Cord and Foramen Magnum Tumors 44. Spinal Vascular Malformations IV. THE NEURONAL DEGENERATIONS45. Blood Brain Barrier 46. Cerebral Vascular Malformations 47. Brain Tumors 48. Childhood Spinal Muscular Atrophy 49. Genetic Basis of Familial Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 50. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 51. Parkinsonian Syndromes and Multisystem Atrophies 52. Poliomyelitis and the Post-Polio Syndrome 53. Paraneoplastic Disorders and Motor Dysfunction 54. Autoimmune Encephalitides 55. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection 56. Covid-19 Neurological Illness 57. Growth Factors and Signals: Impact on Neurological Systems 58. Adult and Childhood Hydrocephalus 59. Stroke and Motor Disorders 60. Motor Sequela of Dementia 61. Motor Disorders in Epilepsy V. NEUROREHABILITATION62. Traumatic Brain Injury 63. Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury 64. Stroke Rehabilitation 65. Principles of Neuromuscular Rehabilitation 66. Respiratory Muscle Aids 67. Motor Aspects of Childhood Sleep Disorders 68. Evaluation and Management of Swallowing and Voice Disorders 69. Bladder, Bowel, and Sexual Disorders 70. Motor Disorders Associated with Cerebral Palsy 71. Management of Spasticity 72. Botulinum Toxin for Motor Disorders 73. Multidisciplinary Integrated Psychosocial and Palliative Care