Power and Choice

W. Phillips Shively is professor of political science at the University of Minnesota. He is the author of The Craft of Political Research, 10th edition(2017), as well as numerous articles on elections and methods of analysis.David Schultz is Distinguished University Professor in the departments of political science, environmental studies, and legal studies at Hamline University. He is also a professor of law at the University of Minnesota. David has a JD and LLM in law, a PhD in political science, and a MS in astronomy. A three-time Fulbright scholar who has taught extensively in Europe and Asia, and the winner of the Leslie A. Whittington national award for excellence in public affairs teaching, David is the author of more than 35 books and over 200 articles on various aspects of American politics, election law, and the media and politics, and he is regularly interviewed and quoted in the local, national, and international media. His most recent books are Encyclopedia of Money in American Politics (2018) and Presidential Swing States (2018). Prior to teaching, Professor Schultz also served as a city director of code enforcement, zoning, and planning in Binghamton, NY, and worked as a housing and economic planner for a community action agency.

Power & Choice has been my preferred textbook for introductory political science courses for years. It covers all the key themes instructors are looking for, integrating the latest academic research seamlessly with contemporary real-world examples to make political science engaging and accessible to undergraduate students.

• List of Tables, Figures, and PhotosList of ExamplesPrefacePART I THE IDEA OF POLITICS1 Politics: Setting the StagePoliticsPolitics as the Making of Common DecisionsPolitics as the Exercise of PowerPower and ChoicePolitics of the StatePolitical ScienceThe Pleasures of PoliticsKey Terms | Review Questions2 Modern Ideologies and Political PhilosophyAmerican IdeologiesLiberalismThe Conservative ReactionLiberalism and Conservatism in the Twentieth and Twenty-First CenturiesThe Socialist AlternativeCommunism and SocialismFascismIdeologies in the Twenty-First CenturyReligion, Politics, and Political PhilosophyPolitical Philosophy in Other Historical ErasKey Terms | Review QuestionsPART II THE STATE AND PUBLIC POLICY3 The Modern StateThe Development of the Modern StateThe Origin of States: Power or Choice?The State as a Device to Provide Public Goods and Address Externalities“State,” “Nation,” and the “Nation-State”State-BuildingGovernment and the StateChallenges to the StateExample 3.1 ¦ State-Building in NigeriaExample 3.2 ¦ State-Building in the European UnionKey Terms | Review Questions4 Policies of the StateThe Role of Government in the Third WorldWhy Are the World’s States Expanding?Constraints and Conditions for PolicyDefense PolicyEducationResearch and DevelopmentHealth and Social WelfareHuman RightsProgress Across the Last Century and a HalfThe Place of Power in Policy AnalysisExample 4.1 ¦ The Demographic ChallengeExample 4.2 ¦ Economic Development Compared with “Human Development”Example 4.3 ¦ Rwanda’s War on Plastic BagsExample 4.4 ¦ Female Economic DevelopmentKey Terms | Review Questions5 Economic Policy of the StateEconomic Performance I: GrowthEconomic Performance II: Controlling Inflation and UnemploymentDistribution and Economic InequalityIndependent Central BanksCorruptionOther Measures Available to GovernmentGlobalization: Are States Losing Their Ability to Make Economic Policy?Political EconomyExample 5.1 ¦ Economic Policy in GermanyExample 5.2 ¦ Economic Policy in IndonesiaKey Terms | Review Questions6 What Lies Behind Policy: Questions of Justice and EffectivenessThe Problem of JusticeOther Aspects of Justice: Procedural JusticeEffectivenessA Basic Question of Effectiveness: Authority versus the MarketPower and ChoiceThe Need to Act, Even under UncertaintyExample 6.1 ¦ Political ChoiceKey Terms | Review QuestionsPART III THE CITIZEN AND THE REGIME7 Democracies and Authoritarian SystemsThe History and Evolution of DemocracyDemocracy TodayThe Coming and Going of DemocracyPossible ExplanationsWhat Did We Learn from the Third Wave?Why Are Prosperous Countries Likely to Be Democracies?Democracy and FreedomDemocracy and CapitalismAuthoritarian SystemsMilitary GovernmentWhy Aren’t There More Military Governments?One-Party StatesMonarchies and TheocraciesDemocracy versus Authoritarianism: Material Considerations“Power and Choice” AgainExample 7.1 ¦ Authoritarian Drift in Venezuela?Example 7.2 ¦ Theocracy in IranExample 7.3 ¦ The “Arab Spring”: A Failed Wave of DemocratizationExample 7.4 ¦ The European Colors RevolutionsKey Terms | Review Questions8 Political Culture and Political SocializationAnalyzing Political CulturesReligion and Political CulturePolitical SocializationMedia as Agents of Political SocializationPolitical Culture and the “Democratic Citizen”How Well Do Citizens Meet These Requirements?Social CapitalExample 8.1 ¦ Building Authority and Legitimacy in West Germany after World War IIExample 8.2 ¦ Declining Democratic Legitimacy in the United StatesKey Terms | Review QuestionsPART IV THE APPARATUS OF GOVERNANCE9 Constitutions and the Design of GovernmentVariations in FormalityThe Virtue of VaguenessOther Principles of Constitutional DesignConstitution-WritingThe Geographic Concentration of Power“Federal” and “Unitary” StatesThe Distinction between “Unitary” and “Centralized” StatesHow Much Centralization Is Good?Constitutions and Guarantees of RightsWritten Constitutions Can Do Only So Much: The Importance of NormsConstitutionalism and the Rule of LawExample 9.1 ¦ Constitutional Government in Great BritainExample 9.2 ¦ Constitution-Writing in South AfricaKey Terms | Review Questions10 ElectionsElections as a Means of Building SupportElections as a Means of Selecting Leaders and PoliciesElectoral SystemsRanked Choice VotingReferendumsElectoral ParticipationEffects of Choice and Information on TurnoutThe Paradox of VotingThe Bases of Individuals’ Electoral ChoicesExample 10.1 ¦ Proportional Representation Elections in IsraelExample 10.2 ¦ Elections in NigeriaExample 10.3 ¦ Gender QuotasKey Terms | Review Questions11 Parties: A Linking and Leading Mechanism in PoliticsThe Political PartyOrigins of the Modern PartyPolitical Parties and the Mobilization of the MassesPolitical Parties and the Recruitment and Socialization of LeadersPolitical Parties as a Source of Political IdentityPolitical Parties as a Channel of ControlStriking a Balance in PartisanshipParty OrganizationMichels’s “Iron Law of OligarchyParty FinanceThe Digital Challenge to PartiesPolitical Party SystemsParty Change and DynamicsPower and ChoiceExample 11.1 ¦ The Communist Party of ChinaExample 11.2 ¦ Canada’s Political PartiesKey Terms | Review Questions12 Structured Conflict: Interest Groups and PoliticsInterest Groups and RepresentationInterest Groups and the Problem of Public GoodsTypes of Interest GroupsTactics of Interest GroupsThe Choice of TacticsPatterns of Organized Interest-Group ActivityPluralismNeocorporatismPluralism and Neocorporatism: Power and ChoiceExample 12.1 ¦ Interest Groups in FranceExample 12.2 ¦ Attenuated Interest Groups in BangladeshKey Terms | Review Questions13 Social Movements and Contentious PoliticsWhy Now?Advantages (and Disadvantages) of Informal OrganizationExample 13.1 ¦ Two Uprisings in IranExample 13.2 ¦ The “Orange Revolution” in UkraineExample 13.3 ¦ George Floyd, Police Reform, and Black Lives MatterKey Terms | Review Questions14 National Decision-Making Institutions: Parliamentary GovernmentHead of StateHead of GovernmentCabinet ControlWhat Does a Parliament Do?Parliamentary CommitteesUpper HousesAdvantages and Disadvantages of Parliamentary GovernmentLet’s Make Sure I Haven’t Made This Sound Too Simple“Consensus” ParliamentarismParliaments in Authoritarian SystemsExample 14.1 ¦ Parliamentary Government in IndiaExample 14.2 ¦ Parliamentary Government in GermanyExample 14.3 ¦ Should the US Change to a Parliamentary System?Key Terms | Review Questions15 National Decision-Making Institutions: Presidential GovernmentPolitical Parties and Presidential GovernmentPresidential LeadershipPresidential and Parliamentary Systems ComparedResponsibility for PolicyPresidential Systems and Comprehensive PolicyRecruitment of Executive LeadersReview and Control of the Executive“Court” PoliticsFlexibility of the Political ProcessThe Split Executive of Parliamentary SystemsWhy Aren’t All Democracies Parliamentary Systems?Democracy and the Question of AccountabilityA Note on Institutions and PowerExample 15.1 ¦ Presidential Hybrid in FranceExample 15.2 ¦ Presidential Government in MexicoExample 15.3 ¦ US Presidential SelectionKey Terms | Review Questions16 Bureaucracy and the Public SectorPublic Administration as a Political ProblemCharacteristics of Good Public Administration“Bureaucracy”: A Reform of the Nineteenth CenturyBureaucracy versus FlexibilityThe Problem of Protected IncompetenceAdjustments to BureaucracySocial Representativeness of Public AdministrationThe Universal Problem of BureaucracyExample 16.1 ¦ The French BureaucracyExample 16.2 ¦ Bureaucratic Cultures in Europe and AfricaKey Terms | Review Questions17 Law and the CourtsAnglo-Saxon Case LawContinental European Code LawThe Blending of Case Law and Code LawReligious Law: The ShariaCourtsJudicial ReviewIndependent Judiciary and the StateExample 17.1 ¦ The Law in ChinaExample 17.2 ¦ The European Court of JusticeKey Terms | Review QuestionsPART V INTERNATIONAL POLITICS18 Global Politics: Politics among States (and Others)The Absence of Central AuthorityFiduciary Political Roles and International MoralityTheories of State in International PoliticsImpediments to International CommunicationPower and International PoliticsInternational Political EconomyThe Process of International PoliticsThe Evolution of the International System since World War IIThe World since the Cold WarPower and Choice in International PoliticsExample 18.1 ¦ Climate Change: A Problem of Public Goods among StatesExample 18.2 ¦ The United NationsA Personal NoteKey Terms | Review QuestionsAppendix: Principles of Political AnalysisIs Political Science a Science?FalsifiabilityWhat Makes a Statement Interesting?Causation and ExplanationHistorical ExplanationA Few Common Pitfalls in AnalysisKey TermsGlossaryNotesIndex