J Dianne Garner, Rosemary Sarri, Josefina Figueira-Mcdonough

• * About the Editors* Contributors* Foreword* Acknowledgments* Introduction to Art and Women at the Margins* Why Art?* Chapter 1. Increasing Inequality: The Ascendancy of Neoconservatism and Institutional Exclusion of Poor Women* The Laissez-Faire Myth, the Neoconservatives, and the Liberal Model of Welfare* The American Gulag: Extending the Net of Control* The Added Oppression of Women Behind Bars* Neglect, Punishment, and Resistance of Marginalized Women* Section I: Increasing the Dual Control of Women and Distorting Their Strength* Chapter 2. Welfare Reform: Tightening the Screws* Welfare in “Crisis”: 1960s-1996* The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA)* The Work-First Strategy* The Future* Chapter 3. The Forgotten Group: Women in Prisons and Jails* Introduction* Background* Women and Crime* Behavior and Attitudes of Women in Prison* History of the Incarceration of Women* Characteristics of Female Offenders* Conclusions and Recommendations* Chapter 4. The Storm Is Passing Over: Marginalized African-American Women* African Cultural Legacies* Demographic Changes* Family Structure* Roles of Males in Families* Marginalization and Urban Sprawl* The Passing Storm* Section II: Blockages to Autonomy* Chapter 5. The Controllers and the Controlled* The Controllers and the Controlled in Political-Economic Context* Forms and Context of Control* Policy Framework of Control: Personal Responsibility and TANF* Practice Framework of Control: Welfare Workers and Welfare Recipients* Policy Framework of Control: The Get-Tough Policy* Practice Framework of Control: Relations Between Guards and Prisoners* Prospects for the Future* Chapter 6. Welfare Reform Now That We Know It: Enforcing Women’s Poverty and Preventing Self-Sufficency* The Centrality of Motherhood and Family Preservation* Mothers, Work, and Welfare: Not a New Combination* The Impact of the 1996 Welfare Reform: Work Requirements and Time Limits* Evaluating the Economic Resources of Families Post-Welfare* Chapter 7. Low-Income Women and Housing: Where Will They Live?* Roots of the Crisis: Structural and Personal Factors* Affordable Housing Programs* The Housing Affordability Squeeze* Housing Is a Women’s Issue* Section III: Gender, Age, and Health Interactions* Chapter 8. Triple Jeopardy: Women Marginalized by Substance Abuse, Poverty, and Incarceration* Introduction* Vicious Cycles and Downward Spirals* Substance Use and Abuse Among Women: Closing the Gender Gap* Differences in the “Addiction Careers” of Men and Women* Policies of Neglect and Punishment Toward Women with Substance Abuse Problems* Bringing an End to Vicious Cycles and Downward Spirals* Finding the Will to Change Women’s Lives* Chapter 9. Life at the Margins: Older Women Living in Poverty* Demographic Trends for the Aging Female Population* The Gender of Poverty in America’s Aging Population* Aging in Prison: Focus on the Older Female Prisoner* Special Needs of the Older Female Prisoner* The Older Woman Offender and Recidivism* Conclusion* Chapter 10. Teenage Pregnancy: Mediating Rotten Outcomes and Improving Opportunities* Teenage Motherhood in the United States* Attitudes, Values, and Economics* Theoretical Interpretations* The Conflict of Developmental Issues and Policy* Teenage Mothers and Welfare Reform* Teenagers’ Prenatal Care Access: An Arizona Study* Support Services for Teenage Parents* Recommendation for Change to Health and Social Policy* Section IV: Bad Women, Undeserving Mothers* Chapter 11. Controlled and Excluded: Reproduction and Motherhood Among Poor and Imprisoned Women* The Links: No Safe Place* Excessive Punishment: The Sex and Gender Ta

J Dianne Garner, Rosemary Sarri, Josefina Figueira-Mcdonough

• * About the Editors* Contributors* Foreword* Acknowledgments* Introduction to Art and Women at the Margins* Why Art?* Chapter 1. Increasing Inequality: The Ascendancy of Neoconservatism and Institutional Exclusion of Poor Women* The Laissez-Faire Myth, the Neoconservatives, and the Liberal Model of Welfare* The American Gulag: Extending the Net of Control* The Added Oppression of Women Behind Bars* Neglect, Punishment, and Resistance of Marginalized Women* Section I: Increasing the Dual Control of Women and Distorting Their Strength* Chapter 2. Welfare Reform: Tightening the Screws* Welfare in “Crisis”: 1960s-1996* The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA)* The Work-First Strategy* The Future* Chapter 3. The Forgotten Group: Women in Prisons and Jails* Introduction* Background* Women and Crime* Behavior and Attitudes of Women in Prison* History of the Incarceration of Women* Characteristics of Female Offenders* Conclusions and Recommendations* Chapter 4. The Storm Is Passing Over: Marginalized African-American Women* African Cultural Legacies* Demographic Changes* Family Structure* Roles of Males in Families* Marginalization and Urban Sprawl* The Passing Storm* Section II: Blockages to Autonomy* Chapter 5. The Controllers and the Controlled* The Controllers and the Controlled in Political-Economic Context* Forms and Context of Control* Policy Framework of Control: Personal Responsibility and TANF* Practice Framework of Control: Welfare Workers and Welfare Recipients* Policy Framework of Control: The Get-Tough Policy* Practice Framework of Control: Relations Between Guards and Prisoners* Prospects for the Future* Chapter 6. Welfare Reform Now That We Know It: Enforcing Women’s Poverty and Preventing Self-Sufficency* The Centrality of Motherhood and Family Preservation* Mothers, Work, and Welfare: Not a New Combination* The Impact of the 1996 Welfare Reform: Work Requirements and Time Limits* Evaluating the Economic Resources of Families Post-Welfare* Chapter 7. Low-Income Women and Housing: Where Will They Live?* Roots of the Crisis: Structural and Personal Factors* Affordable Housing Programs* The Housing Affordability Squeeze* Housing Is a Women’s Issue* Section III: Gender, Age, and Health Interactions* Chapter 8. Triple Jeopardy: Women Marginalized by Substance Abuse, Poverty, and Incarceration* Introduction* Vicious Cycles and Downward Spirals* Substance Use and Abuse Among Women: Closing the Gender Gap* Differences in the “Addiction Careers” of Men and Women* Policies of Neglect and Punishment Toward Women with Substance Abuse Problems* Bringing an End to Vicious Cycles and Downward Spirals* Finding the Will to Change Women’s Lives* Chapter 9. Life at the Margins: Older Women Living in Poverty* Demographic Trends for the Aging Female Population* The Gender of Poverty in America’s Aging Population* Aging in Prison: Focus on the Older Female Prisoner* Special Needs of the Older Female Prisoner* The Older Woman Offender and Recidivism* Conclusion* Chapter 10. Teenage Pregnancy: Mediating Rotten Outcomes and Improving Opportunities* Teenage Motherhood in the United States* Attitudes, Values, and Economics* Theoretical Interpretations* The Conflict of Developmental Issues and Policy* Teenage Mothers and Welfare Reform* Teenagers’ Prenatal Care Access: An Arizona Study* Support Services for Teenage Parents* Recommendation for Change to Health and Social Policy* Section IV: Bad Women, Undeserving Mothers* Chapter 11. Controlled and Excluded: Reproduction and Motherhood Among Poor and Imprisoned Women* The Links: No Safe Place* Excessive Punishment: The Sex and Gender Ta

J Dianne Garner, Rosemary Sarri, Josefina Figueira-Mcdonough

• * About the Editors* Contributors* Foreword* Acknowledgments* Introduction to Art and Women at the Margins* Why Art?* Chapter 1. Increasing Inequality: The Ascendancy of Neoconservatism and Institutional Exclusion of Poor Women* The Laissez-Faire Myth, the Neoconservatives, and the Liberal Model of Welfare* The American Gulag: Extending the Net of Control* The Added Oppression of Women Behind Bars* Neglect, Punishment, and Resistance of Marginalized Women* Section I: Increasing the Dual Control of Women and Distorting Their Strength* Chapter 2. Welfare Reform: Tightening the Screws* Welfare in “Crisis”: 1960s-1996* The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA)* The Work-First Strategy* The Future* Chapter 3. The Forgotten Group: Women in Prisons and Jails* Introduction* Background* Women and Crime* Behavior and Attitudes of Women in Prison* History of the Incarceration of Women* Characteristics of Female Offenders* Conclusions and Recommendations* Chapter 4. The Storm Is Passing Over: Marginalized African-American Women* African Cultural Legacies* Demographic Changes* Family Structure* Roles of Males in Families* Marginalization and Urban Sprawl* The Passing Storm* Section II: Blockages to Autonomy* Chapter 5. The Controllers and the Controlled* The Controllers and the Controlled in Political-Economic Context* Forms and Context of Control* Policy Framework of Control: Personal Responsibility and TANF* Practice Framework of Control: Welfare Workers and Welfare Recipients* Policy Framework of Control: The Get-Tough Policy* Practice Framework of Control: Relations Between Guards and Prisoners* Prospects for the Future* Chapter 6. Welfare Reform Now That We Know It: Enforcing Women’s Poverty and Preventing Self-Sufficency* The Centrality of Motherhood and Family Preservation* Mothers, Work, and Welfare: Not a New Combination* The Impact of the 1996 Welfare Reform: Work Requirements and Time Limits* Evaluating the Economic Resources of Families Post-Welfare* Chapter 7. Low-Income Women and Housing: Where Will They Live?* Roots of the Crisis: Structural and Personal Factors* Affordable Housing Programs* The Housing Affordability Squeeze* Housing Is a Women’s Issue* Section III: Gender, Age, and Health Interactions* Chapter 8. Triple Jeopardy: Women Marginalized by Substance Abuse, Poverty, and Incarceration* Introduction* Vicious Cycles and Downward Spirals* Substance Use and Abuse Among Women: Closing the Gender Gap* Differences in the “Addiction Careers” of Men and Women* Policies of Neglect and Punishment Toward Women with Substance Abuse Problems* Bringing an End to Vicious Cycles and Downward Spirals* Finding the Will to Change Women’s Lives* Chapter 9. Life at the Margins: Older Women Living in Poverty* Demographic Trends for the Aging Female Population* The Gender of Poverty in America’s Aging Population* Aging in Prison: Focus on the Older Female Prisoner* Special Needs of the Older Female Prisoner* The Older Woman Offender and Recidivism* Conclusion* Chapter 10. Teenage Pregnancy: Mediating Rotten Outcomes and Improving Opportunities* Teenage Motherhood in the United States* Attitudes, Values, and Economics* Theoretical Interpretations* The Conflict of Developmental Issues and Policy* Teenage Mothers and Welfare Reform* Teenagers’ Prenatal Care Access: An Arizona Study* Support Services for Teenage Parents* Recommendation for Change to Health and Social Policy* Section IV: Bad Women, Undeserving Mothers* Chapter 11. Controlled and Excluded: Reproduction and Motherhood Among Poor and Imprisoned Women* The Links: No Safe Place* Excessive Punishment: The Sex and Gender Ta