Guila Naquitz

Kent V. Flannery is the James B. Griffin Professor of Anthropology and the Curator of Environmental Archaeology, Museum of Anthropology at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. He is author of numerous books and articles and a member of the National Academy of Sciences. His work has defined the archaeology of Oaxaca.

"The whole is impressive." -Don E. Dumond, American Anthropologist"Not only does it give important data on the Archaic of Oaxaca, a key region of Mesoamerica, but also it adds new techniques and methods of analysis that result in a new approach to theory." -Richard S. MacNeish, American Antiquity

• Contributors -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Foreword to the Updated Edition (2009)/KENT V. FLANNERY -- I THE PROBLEM AND THE MODEL -- 1. The Research Problem/KENT V . FLANNERY -- Introduction -- Agriculture: “How” or “Why”? -- The Paleobotanical Evidence -- Gourds and Squashes -- Beans -- Teosinte and Maize -- The Maize-Bean-Squash Association -- Models and Theories for Early Domestication -- Universal Aspects of the Model -- Epilogue -- 2. Ecosystem Models and Information Flow in the Tehuacan-Oaxaca Region/KENT V . FLANNERY -- Introduction -- Matter, Energy, and Information -- The Choice of an Ecosystem -- Constructing a Multiple-Loop Model -- Deriving a Systems Model from the Tehuacan and Oaxaca Data -- Zea versus Prosopis: An Example o f Two Genera Linked through -- their Relationship to Humans -- Modeling Environmental Variation -- Scheduling -- Summary -- II THE CULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING -- 3. Guila Naquitz in Spatial, Temporal, and Cultural Context/KENT V. FLANNERY -- Introduction -- The Valley of Oaxaca -- The Discovery of Guild Naquitz -- The Chronological and Cultural Placement of Guild Naquitz -- Guild Naquitz in Its Demographic Context -- Guild Naquitz in the Context of Binford’s Forager-Collector Dichotomy -- Guild Naquitz in the Context of MacNeish’s Macroband-Microband Dichotomy -- Guild Naquitz in the Context of Oaxaca-Tehuacan Settlement Types -- Summary -- 4. The Physical Environment of the Guila Naquitz Cave Group/MICHAEL I. KIRKBY, ANNE V. WHYTE, and KENT V. FLANNERY -- Introduction -- Geology and Soils -- Climate and Hydrology -- Vegetation Zones and Their Facies -- Native Animals -- More Distant Environments -- Conclusion: Factors in Preceramic Site Location -- III EXCAVATION AND ARTIFACT ANALYSIS -- 5. The Excavation of Guila Naquitz/KENT V. FLANNERY, CHRIS L. MOSER, and SILVIA MARANCA -- Introduction -- Excavation Techniques -- Stage : Initial Test -- Stage : Squares D8 and E8 -- Stages -5: Beginning the Main Excavation -- Stages -7: Completing the Main Excavation -- The Preceramic Living Floors: Summary Descriptions -- The Implications of Zone B -- The Postclassic Levels -- Ephemeral Formative Occupations -- 6. Chipped-Stone Tools/FRANK HOLE -- Introduction -- Technology and Raw Material -- Typology -- The Basics of the Guild Naquitz Industry -- Founding and Flaking Tools -- Cores and Core Fragments -- Choppers, Scrapers, and Knives -- Tools for Slotting and Perforating -- Other Flake and Blade Tools -- Projectile Points -- Bifaces -- Unretouched Pieces -- Summary -- 7. Sources of the Guila Naquitz Chipped Stone/MICHAEL E. WHALEN -- Within Kilometers -- At Distances of Kilometers -- At Distances of -55 Kilometers -- 8. Ground-Stone Artifacts/KENT V. FLANNERY -- Preliminary Discussion -- One-Hand Manos -- Metates -- Mortars -- Miscellaneous Categories -- Summaries of Individual Living Floors -- 9. Preceramic Cordage and Basketry from Guila Naquitz/MARY ELIZABETH KING -- Introduction -- Knotted Netting -- Cordage -- Fiber -- Basketry -- Summaries of Individual Living Floors -- 10. Artifacts of Wood and Related Materials/KENT V. FLANNERY -- Fire-Making Equipment -- Atlatl-Hafting Equipment^) -- Nopal-Roasting Equipment -- Miscellaneous Items -- Summaries of Individual Living Floors -- 11. Woods Used as Fuels/KENT V. FLANNERY -- 12. Artifacts of Deer Antler/KENT V. FLANNERY -- Artifact Categories -- Summaries of Individual Living Floors -- 13. Coprolites and Animal Fur/ERIC O. CALLEN -- 14. Radiocarbon Dates/KENT V. FLANNERY -- Comparisons with Tehuacan -- IV COMPARING THE ARCHAIC AND MODERN ENVIRONMENTS -- 15. Pollen Analysis of the Oaxaca Archaic/JAMES SCHOENWETTER and LANDON DOUGLAS SMITH -- Project Description -- The Modem Pollen Rain -- Plant Ecology of the Valley -- Surface Pollen Records -- Fossil Pollen Records -- Appendix .1: Surface Sample Observations -- Appendix .2: Fossil Sample Observations -- Appendix .3: Discriminant Functions Classifications of Fossil Pollen Spectra -- 16. Comparing the Preceramic and Modem Microfauna -- KENT V. FLANNERY and JANE C. WHEELER -- Introduction -- Modem Rodent Samples -- Preceramic Rodent Samples -- Comparing Ancient and Modem Samples -- Songbirds -- Small Lizards -- Mollusks -- Summary and Conclusions -- ANALYSIS OF SUBSISTENCE -- 17. The Quantification of Subsistence Data: An Introduction to Part V/KENT V. FLANNERY -- Introduction -- The Nature of the Guild Naquitz Food Residues -- The Format for Part V -- 18 Wild Food Resources of the Mitla Caves: Productivity, Seasonality, and Annual Variation/KENT V. FLANNERY -- Plant Censuses,1966-1976 -- Seasonal Variation -- Annual Variation -- Estimating the Productivity of Food Animals -- Converting Raw Productivity to Calories and Protein -- 19. Preceramic Plant Remains from Guila Naquitz/C. EARLE SMITH, JR. -- Catalogue of the Plant Remains -- Interpretation of the Plant Remains -- Agriculture in the Preceramic -- Vegetational History of the Guila Naquitz Area -- Summary -- 20. Cucurbits from Preceramic Levels at Guila Naquitz/THOMAS W. WHITAKER and HUGH C. CUTLER -- 21. Preceramic Phaseolus from Guila Naquitz/LAWRENCE KAPLAN -- Introduction -- Description of Guila Naquitz Type -- Native Wild Beans of the Guila Naquitz Area -- Possible Genetic Influence of Guila Naquitz Type on Domesticates -- 22. Animal Food Remains from Preceramic Guila Naquitz/KENT V. FLANNERY and JANE C. WHEELER -- Introduction -- Animals Hunted or Trapped -- Mammals and Reptiles -- Birds -- Summaries of Individual Living Floors -- 23. Nutritional Significance of the Guila Naquitz Food Remains/J. R. K. ROBSON and J. N. ELIAS -- Introduction-^ -- Discussion -- Hypothetical Daily Intakes for Guila Naquitz -- 24. Food Procurement Area and Preceramic Diet at Guila Naquitz/KENT V. FLANNERY -- The Relation between Food Genera and 100-g Portions -- Plant Foods -- Animal Foods -- Harvest Areas Represented by the Cave Remains -- A Summary of the Living Floors -- The Sustaining Area for the Guila Naquitz Population -- Daily Plant Consumption at Guild Naquitz -- Calculating the Sustaining Area -- Changes in Diet through Time -- VI SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF LIVING FLOORS -- 25. Spatial Analysis of Guila Naquitz Living Floors: An Introduction to Part VI/KENT V. FLANNERY -- Graphic Display Techniques -- Defining Activity Areas -- The Data Set -- Sources of Spatial Co-Occurrence and Separation -- 26. Spatial Variation of Debris at Guila Naquitz: A Descriptive Approach/CHARLES S. SPENCER and KENT V. FLANNERY -- Introduction -- Descriptive Measures -- Contour Mapping -- Interpreting the Contour Maps -- Zone E -- Zone D -- Zone C -- Zone B3 -- Zone B2 -- Zone B1 -- Summary and Conclusions -- 27. A Spatial Analysis of Four Occupation Floors at Guila Naquitz/ROBERT WHALLON -- Statistical Methods -- An Introduction to Dimensional Analysis of Variance -- The Statistical Technique -- The Guild Naquitz Occupation Floors -- Results for Individual Occupation Floors -- Conclusion -- 28. Multidimensional Scaling of Four Guila Naquitz Living Floors/ROBERT G . REYNOLDS -- Introduction -- Activity Areas: A Problem in the Partitioning of Space -- The Structure of Cognized Activity Areas -- Partition Distance Techniques -- Q-Mode and R-Mode Analyses -- Results and Discussion -- Changes through Time -- Summary and Conclusions -- 29. Episodal Analysis of Guila Naquitz: A Synthesis of Spencer's, Whallon's, and Reynolds' Results/KENT V. FLANNERY -- Episodal Analysis -- Episode : The Deposition of Zone E -- Episode : The Deposition of Zone D -- Episode : The Deposition of Zone C -- Episodes and : The Deposition of Zones B3 and B2 -- Episode : The Deposition of Zone B1 -- Artifacts and Activity Areas -- VII SIMULATING FORAGING AND EARLY AGRICULTURE IN OAXACA -- 30. The Modeling of Foraging Strategy: An Introduction to Part VII/KENT V. FLANNERY -- Reynolds’ Model in the Context of Other Computer Simulations -- Alternative Ways of Modeling Hunter-Gatherer Subsistence Strategies -- The Rationale for Our Approach -- 31. An Adaptive Computer Model for the Evolution of Plant Collecting and Early Agriculture in the Eastern Valley of Oaxaca/ROBERT G. REYNOLDS -- Part : Introduction -- Part : Modeling Hunter-Gatherer Decision Making -- Part : The Eastern Valley of Oaxaca Data -- Part : The Informal Preagricultural Model -- Part : Developing the Formal Model -- Part : The Preagricultural Simulation -- Part : Modeling Incipient Agriculture -- Part : Simulating the Acquisition of Incipient Agriculture -- Part : Simulating Climatic Change and Population Growth -- Part : Summary and Conclusions -- 32. Adaptation, Evolution, and Archaeological Phases: Some Implications of Reynolds' Simulation/KENT V. FLANNERY -- The Preagricultural Stage -- Implications -- The Incipient Agricultural Stage -- Implications -- Agriculture as an Extension of the Preagricultural Pattern -- Adaptation and Time -- Adaptation and Archaeological Chronology -- VIII SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- 33. A Visit to the Master/KENT V. FLANNERY -- The Master -- Afternoon -- Evening -- Midnight -- Dawn -- 34. Resumen en Espahol/DAVID I. WILSON -- Parte I -- Parte II -- Parte III -- Parte IV -- Parte V -- Parte VI -- Parte VII -- Parte VIII -- References -- Index.