Black Toledo

Abdul Alkalimat, Ph.D. (1974), University of Chicago, is Professor Emeritus of African American Studies and Information at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. His last book is Roots and Flowers: The Life and Work of Afro-Cuban Librarian Marta Terry González (Library Juice Press, 2015). Rubin Patterson, Ph.D. (1992), Howard University, is Professor and Chair of the Department of Sociology and Criminology and Director of Environmental Studies at that university. His last book is Greening Africana Studies: Linking Environmental Studies with Transforming Black Experiences (Temple University Press, 2015).

• ForewordNikki M. TaylorAcknowledgementsList of Illustrations1 IntroductionAbdul Alkalimat and Rubin Patterson1.1 Three Key Theoretical Issues1.2 How This Book Is Organized1.3 How This Book May Be Used2 Origin (1787–1900)2.1 Founding Documents (Documents 1–5)2.1.1 The First Law: The Northwest Ordinance (1787)2.1.2 The Second Law: Ohio Black Laws (1804)2.1.3 13th Amendment to the u.s. Constitution (1865)2.1.4 Reconstruction: Civil Rights Act (1875)2.1.5 Supreme Court Overturns Civil Rights Act2.2 Dialectics of Settlement (Documents 6–15)2.2.1 The Underground Railroad2.2.2 Armed Struggle2.2.3 Desegregation2.2.4 Underground Railroad in Toledo2.2.5 Taking Boats to Freedom in Canada2.2.6 Elijah Anderson: General Superintendent of the Underground Railroad in Northwest Ohio2.2.7 Lathrop House (1835–2005)2.2.8 James Ashley’s Eyewitness Account of the Hanging of John Brown (1859)2.2.9 The Toledo Riot of 18622.2.10 Frederick Douglass and Sojourner Truth Speak in Toledo (1864)2.2.11 The Blade, the Black Man, and the Vote (1867)2.2.12 Toledo School Desegregation (1871)2.3 Emergence of a Community Vanguard (Documents 15–18)2.3.1 Founding of Warren ame Church (1864)2.3.2 Prince Hall Freemasonry in Toledo (1864)2.3.3 Moses Fleetwood Walker (1857–1919)2.3.4 Stagecoach Mary (1870–1885)3 Formation of Community Life (1900–1950)3.1 Economics of Survival (Documents 19–27)3.1.1 Toledo’s Black Labor Force (1890–1910)3.1.2 Black Population Growth 1910–19303.1.3 Industrial Status of Employment 19363.1.4 Neighborhood Segregation3.1.5 Black Access to Housing (1940–1950)3.1.6 Toledo’s Black Middle Class (1926)3.1.7 Toledo’s Black Middle Class (1936)3.1.8 The Pinewood Avenue District (1929)3.1.9 East Toledo3.2 Cultural Capital (Documents 28–31)3.2.1 Paul Laurence Dunbar Reads in Toledo (1900)3.2.2 Art Tatum Performs in Toledo3.2.3 The Depression3.2.4 The Culture of Black Baseball3.3 Organization and Leadership (Documents 32–42)3.3.1 The Frederick Douglass Community Center3.3.2 Interracial Activities in Toledo (1922)3.3.3 Club Life in Toledo (1900–1920)3.3.4 Henrietta Society (1883–present)3.3.5 Fighting the Toledo Klu Klux Klan (1915–1944)3.3.6 Housing and Racial Violence (1929)3.3.7 Blacks in Toledo Schools (1927)3.3.8 J.B. Simmons: Toledo’s First Black Councilman3.3.9 James Slater Gibson: A Lawyer Who Pursued Social Justice3.3.10 Cornelius Edwoods: Publisher of The Observer Newspaper (1920s)3.3.11 Frances Alexander Belcher (1912–1963)4 Community Development and Struggle (1950–2000)4.1 Community and Consciousness (Documents 43–48)4.1.1 Dorr Street: Toledo’s Black Downtown4.1.2 A Report on Black Life in Toledo (1950s)4.1.3 When the Projects were New: Brand Whitlock (1940s–1950s)4.1.4 The Late 60s: Black Pain and Gain4.1.5 House of Day Funeral Service4.1.6 Henry’s Jeweler & Giftware4.2 Culture and Education (Documents 49–69)4.2.1 The Study Hour Club4.2.2 Shops Promoted Afro-Culture (1968)4.2.3 Rev. Al Reed Opens Negro History Book Store (1970)4.2.4 Hines Farm Blues Club4.2.5 Art Tatum and Toledo’s Popular Culture in the Twenties4.2.6 Jon Hendricks First Begins Singing in Toledo4.2.7 Murphy’s Place4.2.8 wxts: Radio Jazz from High School4.2.9 Tension at Scott after Negro Homecoming Queen Elected (1957)4.2.10 The Declaration of the ut Black Student Union (1970)4.2.11 Hiring Blacks at tu (1986)4.2.12 Flute Rice: First Black Principal of Scott High School (1968)4.2.13 Afro Ball Celebrates Heritage (1981-present)4.2.14 Crystal Ellis Named First African American Superintendent of Toledo Schools4.2.15 Wilbert “Skeeter” McClure4.2.16 Chuck Ealey4.2.17 Black Leadership: Sycophants and Taunters4.2.18 Blacks at ut Protest “Injustice”4.2.19 ut President Meets with Black Students (1994)4.2.20 Jeff Johnson, Black Student Leader at ut (1994)4.2.21 Abdul Alkalimat Appointed Head of Africana Studies at ut4.3 Leadership and Vision (Documents 70–79)4.3.1 Ardella Law Reed (1918–1989)4.3.2 Ella P. Stewart (1893–1987)4.3.3 Robert V. Franklin, Jr.: Leader in Law and Society4.3.4 Civic Leader Cordelia Martin4.3.5 Wayman Palmer4.3.6 Black Panthers Patrol Dorr Street4.3.7 Local Black Leaders Hail King Holiday (1983)4.3.8 Jimmy Jackson, Sports Hero and Businessman4.3.9 Social Cyberpower in the Everyday Life of an African American Community (2004)4.3.10 Powell’s Beauty & Barber Supplies5 Survival during Deindustrialization (2000–2016)5.1 Facing Poverty and Twenty-first-century Racism5.1.1 Population5.1.2 Nazi March5.1.3 Black Males5.1.4 The Importance of Black Business5.2 The Challenges of Black Leadership5.2.1 Jack Ford5.2.2 Michael Bell5.2.3 Paula Hicks-Hudson5.2.4 Edna Brown5.2.5 Coalition of Black Trade Unionists5.2.6 Top Toledoans of 20095.2.7 Black Women Physicians and Dentists5.3 Diverse Black Education Leaders and Activities5.3.1 Ella P. Stewart Academy5.3.2 Romules Durant School Superintendent5.3.3 Helen Cooks and Toledo Excel5.3.4 Simmie Blakney: First Black Department Chair at the University of Toledo5.3.5 Pauline Kynard5.3.6 Angela Siner5.3.7 Green Column and Green Africana Studies5.3.8 Edwina Kofi-Opata and Green Africana Studies5.3.9 Improving African American Male Graduation Rates: Eliminating the Black—White Graduation Gap5.3.10 Retention and Graduation Taskforce: Diversifying Student Retention and Academic Success5.4 Revitalization of Community5.4.1 Restoring the Afro-Ball5.4.2 Steppin in Toledo5.4.3 Steel Guitar Sacred Music5.4.4 Charles Welch5.4.5 African American Festival5.4.6 Toledo Horsemen Club5.4.7 History of the African American Legacy Project5.4.8 Black Lives Matter Resolution5.4.9 Name Change at Scott High School5.4.10 Art Tatum African American Resource Center6 Black Toledo: The Historical Impulse toward Social JusticeAbdul Alkalimat and Rubin Patterson6.1 Theoretical Reflection6.2 Historical Periodization and Social Transformation6.3 Dialectics of Urbanization and Proletarianization6.4 Dialectics of Inequality and Democracy6.5 Culture and Social Solidarity6.6 Memory and Community Sustainability6.7 Situating Black Toledo Vis-à-vis Other Books on Urban Black ExperiencesAvailable African American MaterialsBibliographyIndex