Konstantin Megrelidze, born in Georgia in 1900, was a major philosopher of the Soviet Union, whose works in the 1930s exercised a significant influence on the most innovative currents of later Soviet philosophy and psychology.

• Preface: Konstantin Megrelidze and His Fundamental Problems of the Sociology of ThinkingAcknowledgementFrom the Editor of the Russian EditionFundamental Problems of the Sociology of ThinkingForewordGeneral Exposition of the Question of ThinkingCritique of Naturalistic Aims (§§ 1–3)Part 11 Material Conditions and Social Preconditions Necessary for the Rise of the Human Level of ConsciousnessLabour Activity (§ 4)Relations of Consumption and Production (§ 5)Labour and the Product of Labour (§§ 6, 7)The Product of Labour: Material Mediator of Social Relations (§ 8)Labour and Society: Mutual Dependence (§ 9)2 From the Animal Level of Consciousness to Human ThinkingThe Biological Roots of Consciousness (§ 10)Instincts and Reflex Responses (§§ 11, 12)The Intellectual Activity of Animals (§ 13)Shortcomings of Physiological Psychology and Classical Psychology (§ 14)On Gestalt Psychology (§ 15)Displays of Consciousness in Animals (§§ 16,17)Distinguishing Characteristics of Human Consciousness (§ 18)Interaction in the Animal World and Social Interaction (§ 19)The Ideational Content of Consciousness (§ 20)The Essential Particularities of Human Consciousness (§ 21)Preliminary Results (§ 22)3 Material Culture and ThinkingLabour Activity and Thinking (§§ 23, 24)The Materialisation of the Idea in the Process of Labour Activity and the Acquisition of Objects of Ideological Content (§ 25)Embodied Reason and Its Social Significance (§ 26)The Qualitative Particularity of Social Relations (§ 27)The Instrument of Labour – the Hand – Reason (§§ 28, 29)The Cognitive Significance of Mediated Activity (§§ 30, 31)The Tale of How ‘the Transcendental Is Made Immanent’ and ‘the Immanent Is Made Transcendental’ (§ 32)p>4 The Problem of Perception in the Field of Marxist PhilosophyThe Perspective of Classical Psychology and Philosophy (§ 33)Sense Is Not the Basic Psychological Atom (§ 34)Sense Is Not a Symbol, but the Reflection of Reality (§§ 35, 36)The Relational Dependence of Sense Data (§§ 37–42)From the History of the Perception of Colours (§§ 41, 42)The Marxist Perspective on the Question of Sensory Perception (§ 43)5 The Question of a Subject’s Self-AwarenessObjects Are Perceived Primarily according to Their Social Importance (§ 44)Self-Awareness Is Historically a Much Later Phenomenon Than the Perception of Objects of Activities (§ 45)An Individual Subject’s Perception Was Historically Preceded by the Perception of the Collective Subject (§ 46)Part 26 The Rise of the IdeaComprehension. The Concept (§ 48)Concept and Notion (§ 49)The Particular and the General (§ 50)The Doctrine of Existence and Concept (§ 51)The Doctrine of the Concept in the Empiricists and in Kant (§ 52)The Place of the Concept in the System of Rationalist Ideas (§§ 53, 54)Chance and Necessity (§ 55)Three Maps of the World (§ 56)Concept and Reality (§ 57)The Self-Contained Structure (§ 58)Self-Contained Structure and the Concrete Concept (§§ 59, 60)On Mathematical Concepts (§§ 61, 62)Generalisation and General Concepts (§ 63)The Structure of Concepts (§§ 64, 65)7 The Sociogenesis of IdeasThe Social Character of Individual Thinking (§ 66)The Question of Parallelisms and Convergences (§ 67)The Theory of Dispersion (§ 68)The Theory of Borrowing (§ 69)The Theory of the Identity of the Human Mind (§ 70)The Geographical Theory (§ 71)Shortcomings of the Existing Hypotheses (§ 72)Questions of Parallelisms in the Marxist Interpretation (§ 73)On the Origin of Flint and Steel (§ 74)Parallelisms in the Realm of Calculating Time (§ 75)Convergences in the Realm of Types of Thinking (§ 76)Social Existence and Social Consciousness (§ 77)The Individual and Society (§§ 78, 79)The Social Genesis of Ideas (§ 80)8 The Process of the Social Circulation of IdeasThe Propagation of Ideas (§ 81)Social Circulation of the Products of Spiritual Creativity (§ 82)On Popular Creativity (§ 83)On Borrowing (§ 84)Social Consciousness (§ 85)The Composition and Content of Social Consciousness (§§ 86, 87)9 The Social Implementation of IdeasThe Material Support of Ideas (§§ 88, 89)Needs and Interests (§ 90)The Structure of Social Interests (§ 91)The Predominance of Fetishistic Relations (§ 92)Surplus Product and Private Property (§ 93)Possessive Alienation and Its Liquidation (§§ 94, 95)The Concept of the Collective Social Field of History (§§ 96, 97)Class Interests (§ 98)Ideas Are Derivatives of Societal Interests (§§ 99, 100)The Nature of Conformity to the Laws of History in an Antagonistic Society (§§ 101, 102)The Social Implementation of Ideas (§§ 103–106)Class Consciousness (§ 107)Ideological Changes and Social Changes (§ 108)10 Testing Ideas in the Process of Their ImplementationWhat Is an Experience (§ 109)Testing Ideas by Experience, Practice (§§ 110–113)Pragmatism and Marxism (§ 114)A Thesis on Practice in Its General Philosophical Meaning (§ 115)Concluding Observations (§ 116)Supplement: Nikolai Iakovlevich Marr and the Philosophy of Marxism (1935)Glossary of NamesReferences