Henry George (1839–1897) rose to fame as a social reformer and economist amid the industrial and intellectual turbulence of the late nineteenth century. His best-selling Progress and Poverty (1879) captures the ravages of privileged monopolies and the woes of industrialization in a language of eloquent indignation. His reform agenda resonates as powerfully today as it did in the Gilded Age, and his impassioned prose and compelling thought inspired such diverse figures as Leo Tolstoy, John Dewey, Sun Yat-Sen, Winston Churchill, and Albert Einstein. This six-volume collection of The Annotated Works of Henry George assembles all his major works for the first time with new introductions, critical annotations, extensive bibliographical material, and comprehensive indexing to provide a wealth of resources for scholars and reformers. Volume VI of this series presents A Perplexed Philosopher (1892), Henry George’s devastating critique of Herbert Spencer’s changing views on the “land question” after Spencer achieved fame as the author of the “Synthetic Philosophy.” Social Statics (1850), Spencer’s first major work, affirms an equal right of all to the use of the earth. By the early 1890s, Spencer had recanted this view in Justice (1891) and an abridged version of Social Statics (1892). This betrayal of principle by Spencer provoked George to write A Perplexed Philosopher. In this volume, George’s original text is supplemented by critical annotations and an extensive topical bibliography. A cumulative index covers all six volumes in the series.
The introductory essay, “Social Evolution and Moral Sophistry,” by Dr. Joseph Milne provides the cultural and philosophical context for George’s critical analysis of Spencer’s tortuous abandonment of the principle of equal freedom with respect to its application to the use of nature and the furtherance of equal opportunity for all. In A Perplexed Philosopher, George employs his considerable logical acumen to reveal Spencer’s multiple inconsistencies and confusions when it comes to the land question. Spencer did not respond in a systematic fashion to George’s critique. Henry George wrote A Perplexed Philosopher to correct the many confusions about the land question by a major nineteenth-century philosopher. In doing so, he made a significant contribution to such topics as the issue of compensation, when a wrongful entitlement is taken away from a privilege-holder, and the tendency towards materialistic positivism. A Perplexed Philosopher reveals fundamental differences between George’s philosophical outlook and other prevailing views in the nineteenth century. A Perplexed Philosopher is not only a major contribution to nineteenth-century scholarship with regard to the relation between humanity and nature, but it also illuminates a stark contrast between George’s animating philosophy of equitable reform and Spencer’s philosophy of the status quo.