History and Philosophy of Sport and Physical Activity

R. Scott Kretchmar, PhD, is a professor emeritus of exercise and sport science at Penn State University in University Park, Pennsylvania. Kretchmar, a fellow in the National Academy of Kinesiology (NAK), is the recipient of its Hetherington Award. He is a former president of the International Association for the Philosophy of Sport and previously served as editor of the Journal of the Philosophy of Sport. He has been named an Alliance Scholar by SHAPE America (Society of Health and Physical Educators) and a Distinguished Scholar by the National Association for Kinesiology and Physical Education in Higher Education (NAKPEHE).Mark Dyreson, PhD, is a professor of kinesiology and an affiliate professor of history at Penn State University in University Park, Pennsylvania. Dyreson currently serves on the executive committee of the Penn State Center for the Study of Sports in Society. He is a fellow of the National Academy of Kinesiology (NAK), a former president of the North American Society for Sport History (NASSH), a special projects editor for the International Journal of the History of Sport, and the coeditor of the Sport in the Global Society: Historical Perspectives book series (Routledge Press).Matthew P. Llewellyn, PhD, is a professor of kinesiology at California State University at Fullerton and is codirector of the Center for Sociocultural Sport and Olympic Research. Llewellyn earned a PhD in historical and philosophical aspects of sport and physical activity at Pennsylvania State University. He is the current editor of the Journal of Olympic Studies and is the author of four books and over 30 scholarly articles on the history of sport and physical activity.John Gleaves, PhD, is a professor of kinesiology at California State University at Fullerton. Gleaves served as codirector of the International Network of Doping Research and is a codirector and cofounder of the Center for Sociocultural Sport and Olympic Research. He is also the associate editor for Performance Enhancement and Health and the Journal of Olympic Studies. His research and teaching focus on applied ethics and cultural history related to sport, physical activity, and society. Gleaves’ research has won several awards, including a Brocher Foundation fellowship.

• Introduction: History, Philosophy, and KinesiologyThe Evolution of KinesiologyThe Humanities and the SciencesThe Nature of History and PhilosophyThe Subject Matter of KinesiologyChapter 1. Bodies, Brains, and CulturesMaking Sense of Our StoryDeveloping a Brief Chronology of Our StoryGreat Leaps ForwardPatterns of Culture in Hunter-Forager SocietiesThe Origins of SportThe Complexities of Work and Play in Hunting and Foraging SocietiesChapter 2. The Transition From Super Endurance Predators to FarmersA Revolution in How We LivedThe Impact of the Neolithic Revolution on Human Vigor and HealthPhysical Activity as a Tool and as a JewelThe Difficulties of Interpreting Ancient Sporting CulturesA Model of Traditional SportChapter 3. Ancient Greece and the Shape of Modern Sport and Physical EducationThe Foundation of Western CivilizationMyth, Religion, and the Origins of Greek Physical CultureThe Birth of PhilosophyThe Ancient Sporting FestivalsThe Olympic GamesGreek Sporting CultureSources of Evidence for Ancient Greek SportGreek Recreation and Physical EducationChapter 4. Continuity and Change in Physical CulturesMonuments to Sporting SpectaclesComparing Mesoamerican and Roman Spectacles of BloodOpposition to Gladiatorial ContestsThe Ethics of Brutality in SportContrast and ContinuityThe Enduring Martial TraditionsReligious and Intellectual Opposition to Martial SportsSimilarities and Differences Between Eastern and Western SportGlobal Continuities and ContrastsChapter 5. The Expansion of the West and the Birth of the Modern WorldThe Birth of the “Modern World”The Renaissance, Neoclassical Revivals of Sport, and the “Nature of Man”The Emergence of “Modern” Debates on Human NatureThe Protestant Reformation and Sport, Physical Education, and the BodyThe Scientific Revolution and Modern Attitudes Toward Sport, Physical Education, and the BodyChapter 6. Great Britain and the Birth of Modern SportSport as a Critical Modern InstitutionThe Rationalization of Ethics Under UtilitarianismRationalization and GamblingGames for the Common FolkThe Rationalization of Fair PlayChapter 7. Liberty, Equality, FraternityThe Emergence of Modern SportLiberty, Equality, and MoralityThe Role of Fraternity in Modern SportFraternity, Partisanship, and SpectatorshipFraternity, Partisanship, and CommercialismChapter 8. Games and EmpiresThe Paradoxical Power of SportConquest, Colonialism, and the Spread of Western SportSport in Its Best LightThe Subaltern DilemmaSport as a Revolutionary ForceSport, Colonialism, and American ImperialismChapter 9. The Rise of International SportsworldsReviving the Olympic GamesOlympic Growing PainsSocial Exclusion and Other Harsh Realities of the Early OlympicsThe Globalization of Modern SportSport in Black and White and TechnicolorThe Ethics of CommercialismChapter 10. The West and the RestTraditional and Indigenous Sport in an Age of ModernityWestern Appropriations of Eastern MusesThe Effectiveness of Folk Psychology and Folk MedicineEncounters With the “Other”Holistic KinesiologyThe Emergence of Countercultural Movement PracticesChapter 11. The Golden Age of Modern SportPhenomenologyCold War SportModern Science and SportThe Ethics of Performance EnhancementBreaking Gender BarriersBeyond the Gender BinaryThe Cold War and the Politics of Race in American SportThe Global Dimensions of Race and SportSport in Living ColorChapter 12. Snapshots From Our TimesDo Global Connections Create Global Identities?Global Consumer CultureThe Emergence of New Global Forms