Unconscious in Shakespeare's Plays

Martin S. Bergmann (1913-2014) taught the history of psychoanalysis in the post-doctoral programme on psychoanalysis and psychotherapy at New York University. He was an honorary member of the American Psychoanalytic Association, an honorary fellow of the Post-Graduate Center for Mental Health, and a member of the International Psychoanalytical Association.

'For a psychoanalyst, it can only be an additional advantage to approach Shakespeare in the twilight of life. To demonstrate the wisdom of Shakespeare requires lessons in life and not the fiery passions of one's younger years. Let us thank heaven that God has granted Martin Bergmann a long life, both for him to profit from his long experience as a psychoanalyst as well as to conduct this study of Shakespeare. With the eyes of the marvellous clinician that he is, Martin Bergmann lays out his analysis of the text. It is a great honour for me to have been asked by him to introduce this valuable work. My contribution here should be understood as an homage to the monumental work of Martin Bergmann, which no lover of Shakespeare can from this point on ignore.'- Andre Green, taken from his introductory essay'In a path-breaking analysis of Shakespeare's tragedies from a contemporary psychoanalytic viewpoint, Martin Bergmann achieves the simultaneous illumination of three levels of Shakespeare's creativity: 1) the profound exploration of the unconscious fears and desires of the plays' leading characters, illustrating with each of them, basic unconscious human conflicts discovered by psychoanalysis; 2) Shakespeare's own unconscious conflicts, reflected in the particular phantasies and imagery attributed to the various characters, varying in their exuberance but maintaining basic commonalities throughout the production of his work over his lifetime; and 3) the general unconscious human temptations, fears, and prohibitions that affect us all, creatively highlighted in the larger-than-life nature of Shakespeare's characters, determining the eternal fascination with his work. All of that Martin Bergmann has achieved with a clear, direct, simple yet profound style, in a volume filled with fundamental psychoanalytic information and original reflections about psychoanalysis and Shakespeare. In addition to its intrinsic interest and source of enjoyment, this book will add a new dimension to the readers' understanding and enjoyment of Shakespeare's tragedies.'- Otto F. Kernberg, MD 'If Shakespeare's plays are considered exclusively as manifestations of the unconscious minds of the various protagonists (Shakespeare himself the great magus behind the scenes, obviously) a rich domain of hidden psychology is laid bare. This is what Martin Bergmann has accomplished in this original, insightful book, which shows convincingly how Freudian Shakespeare was and how Shakespearean Freud was. This book could be read as a clinical seminar on the psychic conflicts of some of the most intriguing fictional characters ever penned (Hamlet, Iago, Macbeth, etc.) or as an intellectual seminar on the artistic use of the unconscious in profound acts of creativity: wise readers will opt for both.'- Eugene J. Mahon, MD, Training and Supervising Psychoanalyst, Columbia Psychoanalytic Center for Training and Research and author of A Psychoanalytic Odyssey: Painted Guinea Pigs, Dreams, and Other Realities

• Preface: Why this book was written , The Pivotal Position of Hamlet , Hamlet’s Enigmas , Hamlet: the inability to mourn and the inability to love , The Poet and his Calling , A Midsummer Night’s Dream: how Shakespeare won the right to write plays , The Tempest: the abdication of creativity , Timon of Athens: the loss of creativity , The Oedipus Complex , Richard III: the Oedipus complex and the villain , Julius Caesar and Freud’s Totem and Taboo , Macbeth: an audacious variant on the oedipal theme , Antony and Cleopatra: dangerous dotage , Coriolanus: an astounding description of a destructive mother–child relationship , King Lear: the daughter as a replacement for the mother , Richard II: abdication as a father’s reaction to the Oedipus complex , Intrapsychic Conflict , Measure for Measure: the disintegration of a harsh superego , The Battle Against Paranoia , Othello: motiveless malignity or latent homosexuality? , The Winter’s Tale: latent homosexuality and paranoia , The Homosexual Compromise , The Merchant of Venice: a portrayal of masochistic homosexuality , Twelfth Night: a sublimation of bisexuality in homosexuality