Florian Mühlfried teaches in the Caucasus Studies Program at the Friedrich Schiller University of Jena. Previously, he was a research assistant at the Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology and a visiting professor at the University of Campinas, Brazil. He is he author of Post-Soviet Feasting: The Georgian Banquet in Transition (2006, in German) and co-edited Exploring the Edge of Empire: Soviet Era Anthropology in the Caucasus and Central Asia with Sergey Sokolovskiy (2012).

“Once he has laid the historical and geographical groundwork, Mühlfried’s ethnography excels… Mühlfried’s historical overview of Tushetians’ relationship to the state is indispensable. This is essential reading for scholars of the Caucasus as well as those interested in Soviet and post-Soviet citizenship. Mühlfried’s discussion of religiosity as forming a “spiritual border” entwined with the state is compelling and worth pursuing in future studies.” · American Ethnologist“…the book gives a fresh and highly interesting point of view on what it means to be a citizen (or subject) in an entity (or state) that tends to have ‘a century of perestroikas’. The new look at what the concept and practice of citizenship encapsulates will be useful for both theoreticians and practical policy-makers.” · Journal of Ethnology and Folkloristics“…the book is pioneering in its depiction of highland Georgia—an area that has so far received little attention in English-language academic publications— particularly in relation to the role and importance of shrines. Further, it presents an interesting outline of recent historical changes in the model of the state in the Republic of Georgia, from a federalist folk model to a neoliberal pragmatic model to an essentialist and nationalist Orthodox one… it will be of great value to any student or scholar researching the mountain regions of the Caucasus.” · Slavic Review“This book provides a refreshing insight into an interesting region mainly known for its folkloristic dimension. It is an important contribution to the stud of postsocialist border regimes - sometimes permeable and other times closed and highly securitized – to understand forms of political and social identification with and detachment from the state.” · Social Anthropology/Anthropologie sociale“It is an important contribution to the anthropology of the state, the Caucasus and it especially helps to conceptualise a group of people without falling in the trap of ethnic ‘groupism’, so present in many writings on the Caucasus.” · Stephane Voell, Philipps University Marburg“This is an exceptionally ambitious study… it is highly original – no one else has written about these mountains before! More generally, the work brings a fresh voice to discussions in political anthropology about the nature of the state and how it can be 'tempered' (effectively domesticated)” · Chris Hann, Max Planck Institute Halle“I found this to be a delightful book on a badly needed subject... there are few, if any, finely tuned English-language ethnographic monographs that can... help us build a clearer body of knowledge of this world area. Being a State, in my view, fills just this gap.” · Bruce Grant, New York University“This book… will point the way to promising avenues for future research on the cultural and religious practices of the peoples of the Caucasus (and doubtless elsewhere).” · Kevin Tuite, University of Montréal

• List of IllustrationsList of MapsList of TablesAcknowledgementsNote on TranscriptionIntroductionChapter 1. A Mobile FieldChapter 2. Hidden Treasures in the Mountains and a State that Comes and GoesChapter 3. Reborn Citizens in a Post- Soviet LandscapeChapter 4. Three Ways to Be a StateChapter 5. Triple Winning and Simple LosingConclusionAppendixBibliographyIndex

Florian Mühlfried teaches in the Caucasus Studies Program at the Friedrich Schiller University of Jena. Previously, he was a research assistant at the Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology and a visiting professor at the University of Campinas, Brazil. He is he author of Post-Soviet Feasting: The Georgian Banquet in Transition (2006, in German) and co-edited Exploring the Edge of Empire: Soviet Era Anthropology in the Caucasus and Central Asia with Sergey Sokolovskiy (2012).

“Once he has laid the historical and geographical groundwork, Mühlfried’s ethnography excels… Mühlfried’s historical overview of Tushetians’ relationship to the state is indispensable. This is essential reading for scholars of the Caucasus as well as those interested in Soviet and post-Soviet citizenship. Mühlfried’s discussion of religiosity as forming a “spiritual border” entwined with the state is compelling and worth pursuing in future studies.” · American Ethnologist“…the book gives a fresh and highly interesting point of view on what it means to be a citizen (or subject) in an entity (or state) that tends to have ‘a century of perestroikas’. The new look at what the concept and practice of citizenship encapsulates will be useful for both theoreticians and practical policy-makers.” · Journal of Ethnology and Folkloristics“…the book is pioneering in its depiction of highland Georgia—an area that has so far received little attention in English-language academic publications— particularly in relation to the role and importance of shrines. Further, it presents an interesting outline of recent historical changes in the model of the state in the Republic of Georgia, from a federalist folk model to a neoliberal pragmatic model to an essentialist and nationalist Orthodox one… it will be of great value to any student or scholar researching the mountain regions of the Caucasus.” · Slavic Review“This book provides a refreshing insight into an interesting region mainly known for its folkloristic dimension. It is an important contribution to the stud of postsocialist border regimes - sometimes permeable and other times closed and highly securitized – to understand forms of political and social identification with and detachment from the state.” · Social Anthropology/Anthropologie sociale“It is an important contribution to the anthropology of the state, the Caucasus and it especially helps to conceptualise a group of people without falling in the trap of ethnic ‘groupism’, so present in many writings on the Caucasus.” · Stephane Voell, Philipps University Marburg“This is an exceptionally ambitious study… it is highly original – no one else has written about these mountains before! More generally, the work brings a fresh voice to discussions in political anthropology about the nature of the state and how it can be 'tempered' (effectively domesticated)” · Chris Hann, Max Planck Institute Halle“I found this to be a delightful book on a badly needed subject... there are few, if any, finely tuned English-language ethnographic monographs that can... help us build a clearer body of knowledge of this world area. Being a State, in my view, fills just this gap.” · Bruce Grant, New York University“This book… will point the way to promising avenues for future research on the cultural and religious practices of the peoples of the Caucasus (and doubtless elsewhere).” · Kevin Tuite, University of Montréal

• List of IllustrationsList of MapsList of TablesAcknowledgementsNote on TranscriptionIntroductionChapter 1. A Mobile FieldChapter 2. Hidden Treasures in the Mountains and a State that Comes and GoesChapter 3. Reborn Citizens in a Post- Soviet LandscapeChapter 4. Three Ways to Be a StateChapter 5. Triple Winning and Simple LosingConclusionAppendixBibliographyIndex

Florian Mühlfried teaches in the Caucasus Studies Program at the Friedrich Schiller University of Jena. Previously, he was a research assistant at the Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology and a visiting professor at the University of Campinas, Brazil. He is he author of Post-Soviet Feasting: The Georgian Banquet in Transition (2006, in German) and co-edited Exploring the Edge of Empire: Soviet Era Anthropology in the Caucasus and Central Asia with Sergey Sokolovskiy (2012).

“Once he has laid the historical and geographical groundwork, Mühlfried’s ethnography excels… Mühlfried’s historical overview of Tushetians’ relationship to the state is indispensable. This is essential reading for scholars of the Caucasus as well as those interested in Soviet and post-Soviet citizenship. Mühlfried’s discussion of religiosity as forming a “spiritual border” entwined with the state is compelling and worth pursuing in future studies.” · American Ethnologist“…the book gives a fresh and highly interesting point of view on what it means to be a citizen (or subject) in an entity (or state) that tends to have ‘a century of perestroikas’. The new look at what the concept and practice of citizenship encapsulates will be useful for both theoreticians and practical policy-makers.” · Journal of Ethnology and Folkloristics“…the book is pioneering in its depiction of highland Georgia—an area that has so far received little attention in English-language academic publications— particularly in relation to the role and importance of shrines. Further, it presents an interesting outline of recent historical changes in the model of the state in the Republic of Georgia, from a federalist folk model to a neoliberal pragmatic model to an essentialist and nationalist Orthodox one… it will be of great value to any student or scholar researching the mountain regions of the Caucasus.” · Slavic Review“This book provides a refreshing insight into an interesting region mainly known for its folkloristic dimension. It is an important contribution to the stud of postsocialist border regimes - sometimes permeable and other times closed and highly securitized – to understand forms of political and social identification with and detachment from the state.” · Social Anthropology/Anthropologie sociale“It is an important contribution to the anthropology of the state, the Caucasus and it especially helps to conceptualise a group of people without falling in the trap of ethnic ‘groupism’, so present in many writings on the Caucasus.” · Stephane Voell, Philipps University Marburg“This is an exceptionally ambitious study… it is highly original – no one else has written about these mountains before! More generally, the work brings a fresh voice to discussions in political anthropology about the nature of the state and how it can be 'tempered' (effectively domesticated)” · Chris Hann, Max Planck Institute Halle“I found this to be a delightful book on a badly needed subject... there are few, if any, finely tuned English-language ethnographic monographs that can... help us build a clearer body of knowledge of this world area. Being a State, in my view, fills just this gap.” · Bruce Grant, New York University“This book… will point the way to promising avenues for future research on the cultural and religious practices of the peoples of the Caucasus (and doubtless elsewhere).” · Kevin Tuite, University of Montréal

• List of IllustrationsList of MapsList of TablesAcknowledgementsNote on TranscriptionIntroductionChapter 1. A Mobile FieldChapter 2. Hidden Treasures in the Mountains and a State that Comes and GoesChapter 3. Reborn Citizens in a Post- Soviet LandscapeChapter 4. Three Ways to Be a StateChapter 5. Triple Winning and Simple LosingConclusionAppendixBibliographyIndex