Elgar Encyclopedia of International Economic Law

Edited by Thomas Cottier, Professor Emeritus, World Trade Institute, Bern, Switzerland and Adjunct Professor of Law, University of Ottawa, Canada and Krista Nadakavukaren Schefer, Vice Director of the Legal Division, Swiss Institute of Comparative Law, Lausanne, Switzerland

'Comprehensive in approach, the Elgar Encyclopedia of International Economic Law is an invaluable and thought-provoking resource for scholars and students of international economic law, as well as for practitioners. Reuniting some of the greatest experts in the field, it will become an indispensable guide to grasp the momentous transformations and evolutions of this flourishing discipline.'- Helene Ruiz Fabri, Max Planck Institute Luxembourg for Procedural Law

• Contents:PART I: Foundations and Architecture1.1 Subject Matter of International Economic LawJeffrey L Dunoff 1.2 Relationship of International Economic Law to other Areas of Public International LawPierre-Marie Dupuy1.3 Relationship of International Economic Law to Private International LawJorun Baumgartner1.4Relationship of International Economic Law to Domestic LawChristian TietjeB. Foundational Concepts1.5  Rule of Law in International Economic RelationsAndrew Lang1.6 Harnessing Globalization and Enhancing WelfareJumoke Oduwole1.7 Combating Protectionism and State FailuresTodd Weiler1.8 Maintaining Sovereignty and Policy SpaceKrista Nadakavukaren Schefer1.9 Fostering DevelopmentFrank J GarciaC. Historical Perspective1.10 MercantilismCraig VanGrasstekI.11 SovereigntyCraig VanGrasstek1.12 Bilateralism in International Economic LawMeredith Kolsky Lewis1.13 Multilateralism in International Economic LawMeredith Kolsky Lewis1.14 Plurilateralism in International Economic LawMeredith Kolsky Lewis1.15 Towards Mega-Regionalism in International Economic LawPeter-Tobias Stoll1.16 Globalization and Multi-Level GovernanceErnst-Ulrich PetersmannD. Sources of Law1.17 General Principles of Law in International Economic LawGeorges Abi-Saab1.18 Customary International Law in International Economic LawPatrick Dumberry1.19 Role of Courts in International Economic LawEric de Brabandere1.20 Treaties and Treaty Interpretation in International Economic LawIsabelle Van Damme1.21 Soft Law in International Economic LawChris Brummer1.22 Networking and Informal Cooperation in International Economic LawJan Wouters1.23 Role of Empirical Research in International Economic LawAnne Van AakenE. Regulatory Approaches1.24 The Shift to Non-tariff Barriers and Product RegulationThomas Cottier and Jonas Baumann1.25 Minimum StandardsThomas Cottier and Jonas Baumann1.26 HarmonizationThomas Cottier and Brigitta Imeli1.27 Equivalence and Mutual RecognitionThomas Cottier and Brigitta Imeli1.28 Regulatory Cooperation and Concertation – the Example of TTIP NegotiationsThomas CottierPart I Section II: Architecture1.29 Leadership and Policy Making in International Economic LawDiane A Desierto1.30 The Legal Relationship of International OrganizationsMarina FolteaA. General, Trade and Investment Related Institutions 1.31 World Trade Organization (WTO)Gabrielle Marceau1.32 United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)Kendra Magraw1.33International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)Stanimir A Alexandrov1.34 Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency(MIGA)Julian M Powell1.35 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)David Gaukrodger1.36 Group of Twenty (G-20)Peter I HajnalB. Monetary Institutions1.37 International Monetary Fund (IMF)Ben Thirkell-White1.38 Central BanksGavin Bingham1.39 Bank of International Settlements (BIS)Pierre Panchaud1.40 International Association of Insurance Supervisors (IAIS)Johnny Chang Kuan-Chun1.41 International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO)Christoph B Bühler1.42 Financial Action Task Force (FATF)Riccardo Sansonetti1.43 Financial Stability Board (FSB)Eva Hüpkes1.44 Group of Seven (G-7)/ Group of Eight (G-8)Peter I Hajnal1.45 Business Twenty (B-20)Kathrin BetzC. International Tax Institutions1.46 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Tax Policy NetworksAllison Christians8891.47 UN Tax CommitteeAllison Christians1.48 EU Taxation and Customs Union Directorate-GeneralAllison Christians 1.49 Group of 20 (Role in Tax)Allison Christians1.50 International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) Commission on TaxationAllison Christians1.51 International Fiscal Association (IFA)Allison ChristiansD. Development Institutions1.52 World Bank Group (WBG)Mark S Ellis1.53 Regional Development Banks (IDB)Suresh Nanwani1.54 International Trade Center (ITC)Stephen Browne1.55 United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)Krista Nadakavukaren ScheferE. Intellectual Property Institutions1.56World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)Holger Hestermeyer1.57 The European Patent Organization (EPO)Felix AddorF. Energy Institutions1.58 Energy Charter Treaty (ECT)Kaj Hobér1.59 International Energy Agency (IEA)Yulia SelivanovaG. Standard-Setting Organizations1.60 International Standards Organization (ISO)Olia Kanevskaia1.61 International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)Olia Kanevskaia1.62 International Telecommunications Union (ITU)Olia KanevskaiaH. Institutions Related to International Economic Law1.63 International Labour Organization (ILO)François Maupain and Marialaura Fino1.64Food and Agriculture Organization of the United States (FAO)Xuan Li1.65 World Health Organization (WHO)Benn D McGrady1.66 United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)Julian M Powell1.67 International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Stephan HobePART II – PRINCIPLESPart II Section I – Non-Discrimination in Trade of Goods and ServicesA. Most-Favoured Nation Treatment (MFN)2.1 The Principle of Most Favoured Nation TreatmentArmand de Mestral2.2 Unconditional MFNWilliam J Davey2.3 Conditional MFNWilliam J Davey2.4 Regional Integration and Preferential TradeThomas Cottier and Lothar Ehring2.5 Special and differential TreatmentCharlotte Sieber-Gasser2.6 Enabling ClauseChristian Häberli2.7 GraduationArthur E Appleton2.8 Implied Departures from MFN and Differential TreatmentThomas CottierB. National Treatment2.9 Different Functions in Goods and ServicesNicolas F Diebold2.10 Comparability in International Economic LawNicolas F Diebold2.11 Comparability in IEL: GoodsKateryna Holzer2.12 Comparability in IEL: ServicesNicolas F Diebold2.13 Process and Production Methods (PPMs)Kateryna Holzer2.14 Less Favourable TreatmentLothar Ehring2.15 Standard of ReviewPetros C MavroidisPart II Section II Non-Discrimination on Foreign Direct Investment2.16 Most-Favoured Nation Treatment in Investment LawPiero Bernardini2.17 National Treatment in Investment LawAndrea K BjorklundPart II Section III – Minimum Standards in Investment Law2.18 Non-ArbitrarinessFederico Ortino2.19 Fair and Equitable Treatment (FET)Martins Paparinskis2.20 Full Protection and SecurityJ Anthony VanDuzerPart II Section IV – Transparency and Good GovernanceA. Transparency2.21 State TransparencyStephan W Schill and Felix Boos2.22 Transparency in International InstitutionsLuis Miguel Hinojosa Martínez2.23 Transparency in Dispute SettlementMaxi C Scherer and Dimitrij EulerB. Good Governance2.24 Democracy and Minority RightsPhilippe Coppens2.25Corruption  Krista Nadakavukaren ScheferPart II Section V Protecting Domestic Policy Space2.26 Balancing a Diversity of InterestsJonathan Gass2.27 Implementing Domestic LawAmelia PorgesA. Recognised Policies Protecting Domestic Policy Space2.28 Public MoralsRobert Howse2.29 Environmental ProtectionLorenzo Cotula2.30 Public HealthLawrence O Gostin2.31 CultureValentina Vadi2.32 Human RightsKrista Nadakavukaren Schefer2.33 Labour ProtectionDrusilla Brown2.34 Financial StabilityNina Reiser2.35National SecurityHenri Culot2.36 DevelopmentCeline TanB. Specific Exemptions in Trade Law Protecting Domestic Policy Space2.37Article XX GATT, Art XIV GATSPeter Van den Bossche2.38 SafeguardsYong-Shik Lee2.39 WaiversIsabel Feichtner2.40 Derogations and Exceptions in Other WTO InstrumentsMarie WilkeE. Specific Exceptions in Investment Law protecting Domestic Policy Space2.41 Specific Exceptions in Investment Law protecting Policy SpaceJarrod HepburnPart II Section VI Adjudication and EnforcementA. The Role of the Domestic Courts2.42 Direct Effect of International AgreementsMatthias Oesch2.43 Fork-in-the-Road ProvisionsAugust ReinischB. Basic Principles of International Dispute Settlement2.44 Pacta Sunt Servanda Freya Baetens2.45 State ResponsibilityFreya Baetens2.46 Choice of International ForumRodrigo PolancoC. International Court of Justice2.47 International Court of JusticeRobert KolbD. WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding2.48 DSU: Jurisdiction and ProceduresDaniel C Crosby2.49 DSU: AppealsDaniel C Crosby2.50 DSU: Implementation Stage ProceduresValerie Hughes2.51 DSU: RemediesValerie HughesE. Investment Arbitration Fora2.52 Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA)Brooks W Daly and Judith Levine2.53 ICC International Court of ArbitrationGalina Zukova2.54 Arbitration Institute of the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce (SCC)Joel Dahlquist Cullborg2.55 London Court of International Arbitration (LCIA)Baiju S Vasani2.56 Ad hoc Investment ArbitrationUcheora OnwuamaegbuF. Procedural Aspects 2.57Jurisdiction in International ArbitrationJan Paulsson2.58 Admissibility in International ArbitrationVeijo Heiskanen2.59 Working Procedures in International ArbitrationJonathan Gass2.60 Implementation and Enforcement in International ArbitrationStephan Wilske and Chloë Edworthy2.61 International Arbitrator EthicsCatherine A RogersG. Resistance to Arbitration2.62 Resistance to ArbitrationLise JohnsonH. Other Forms of Enforcement2.63 Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TRPM)Mathias Kende2.64 Investor-State Conflict ManagementRoberto Echandi and Mariana Hernandez Crespo GonsteadPart II Section VII Economic Sanctions2.65 UN Security Council Resolutions in International Economic LawGary Clyde Hufbauer and Euijin Jung2.66 Targeted Sanctions in International Economic LawMarcos Tourinho2.67 Unilateral Sanctions in International Economic LawHenri Culot2.68 Reconciling Trade Sanctions and Awards in Commercial ArbitrationShaheeza Lalani and Mansur Pour RafsendjaniPART III – Main Regulatory AreasA. Market Access: Customs Regulation3.1 Harmonised System and Schedules of ConcessionDavide Rovetta3.2 Modes of Multilateral Tariff NegotiationsClaudio Dordi3.3 Impact of Free Trade Agreements and Customs UnionsClaudio Dordi3.4 The International Law of Customs: Customs ValuationDavide Rovetta and Laura Carola Beretta3.5 The International Law of Customs: Rules of Origin (RoO)Davide Rovetta and Laura Carola Beretta3.6 The International Law of Customs: Trade FacilitationDavide Rovetta and Laura Carola Beretta3.7 The International Law of Customs: Preshipment InspectionDavide Rovetta and Laura Carola Beretta3.8 Taxation and Border Tax AdjustmentClaudio DordiB. Market Access: Quantitative Restrictions in Goods and Services3.9 Quotas and Import LicensingIlaria Espa3.10 Voluntary Export Restraints (VERs) and Orderly Marketing Arrangements (OMAs)Meredith Kolsky Lewis3.11 Export RestrictionsIlaria Espa3.12 Quantitative Restrictions in ServicesPanagiotis Delimatsis3.13 Counterfeiting and PiracyBryan Mercurio3.14 Exhaustion of Rights and Parallel Importation in Intellectual PropertyJayashree Watal3.15 The Impact of Preferential Trade AgreementsFrederick M Abbott3.16 Investment Barriers-to-EntryWolfgang AlschnerC Trade Remedies and Countervailing Duties3.17 Rules on Safeguard MeasuresFernando Piérola and Nathalie Diaz3.18 Rules on Anti-Dumping MeasuresJames D Nedumpara3.19 Rules on SubsidiesLuca Rubini3.20 Anti-Dumping and Preferential Trade AgreementsGary Horlick and Margaret J SpicerPart III Section II Domestic Regulation (Behind the Borders)A. Impact of Domestic Regulation on Trade in Goods, Services and on Investment3.21 Rules Relating to GoodsThomas Cottier3.22 Rules on Domestic Regulation Relating to ServicesPanagiotis Delimatsis3.23 Rules Relating to Intellectual PropertyThomas Cottier3.24 Rules Relating to InvestmentPeter Muchlinski3.25 The Impact of Labour StandardsFranziska HumbertB. Harmonization, Equivalence and Mutual Recognition3.26 Regulatory Barriers to Trade: Regulations and StandardsArthur E Appleton3.27 Regulatory Barriers to Trade: Private StandardsPhilipp Aerni3.28 Sanitary and Phytosanitary MeasuresJoanne Scott and Lukasz Gruszczynski3.29 Impact of Preferential Trade Agreements on Regulation and StandardsCharlotte Sieber-Gasser3.30 Harmonization and Mutual Recognition in Services: GATS (Article VII)Charlotte Sieber-GasserPART III Section III Trades in Services and Specific SectorsA. WTO Commitments3.31 Trade in Services in the WTO – General RulesPanagiotis Delimatsis3.32 Trade in Services in the WTO – Specific CommitmentsPanagiotis DelimatsisB. Preferential Trade in Services Agreements3.33 Trade in Services: Preferential Trade AgreementsCharlotte Sieber-Gasser3.34 The Trade in Services Agreement (TiSA)Pierre SauvéC. Specific Sectors3.35 Business ServicesDale Honeck3.36 Communication ServicesMira Burri3.37 Distribution ServicesJoscelyn Magdeleine3.38 Educational ServicesAntoni Verger and Xavier Bonal3.39 Environmental ServicesMireille Cossy3.40 Energy ServicesOlga Nartova3.41 Financial ServicesKrista Nadakavukaren Schefer3.42 Health ServicesAnna Lanoszka3.43 Recreation, Cultural and Sporting ServicesVéronique Guèvremont3.44 Air Transport ServicesAntonia Carzaniga3.45 Maritime Transport Services Antonia Carzaniga3.46 Land Transport ServicesAntonia CarzanigaPART III SECTION IV Government ProcurementA. The Government Procurement Agreement (GPA)3.47 Thresholds and Non-Discrimination under the GPAMintewab Gebre Woldesenbet3.48 Procedures under the GPARobert D Anderson and Caroline Müller3.49 The 2012 Revision of the WTO Government Procurement Agreement (GPA)Marc SteinerB. Government Procurement in Preferential Trade Agreements3.50 Government Procurement in Preferential Trade AgreementsMaria Anna CorvagliaPART III SECTION V Sectorial Agreements3.51 The WTO Agreements on Agriculture (AoA)Christian Häberli3.52 The Decision on LLDCs and Food Importing Developing Countries (NFIDC)Christian Häberli3.53 The Agreement on Trade in Civil AircraftLuca RubiniPART III SECTION VI Competition Law and Policy3.54 Relationship of Competition Law to Trade and Investment RulesRobert T Anderson and Anna Caroline Muller3.55 Protection of Unfair Competition and of ConsumersThomas Cottier3.56 Anti-Trust RulesMarek Martyniszyn3.57 Anti-Trust Rules in Domestic JurisdictionThomas Cottier3.58 International Competition Network (ICN)Mitsuo Matsushita3.59 The Role of the WTO in Competition PolicyMitsuo Matsushita3.60 Impact of Preferential Trade Agreements on Competition Law and PolicyRobert D Anderson and Anna Caroline Müller3.61 The Role of the OECD in Competition PolicyRobert D Anderson and Nivedita Sen3.62 The Role of UNCTAD in Competition Law and PolicyMarek Martyniszyn3.63 Anti-trust, Human Rights and DevelopmentMarek MartyniszynPART III SECTION VII Labour MobilityA. Trade, Investment and Migration3.64 A Legacy of Fragmentation in Migration, Trade and Investment LawIdil Atak and François Crépeau3.65 International Fora on Cooperation in MigrationElisa FornaléB. Mode 4 Commitments3.66 Mode 4 Commitments in GATSCharlotte Sieber-Gasser3.67 Mode 4 Commitments in PTAsCharlotte Sieber-Gasser3.68 Readmission and Cooperation AgreementsRosa Maria LosadaPART III SECTION VIII Tax Law as an Issue of International Economic Law 3.69 The Importance of Tax in International Economic LawAllison Christians3.70 National Sovereignty and TaxationWolfgang Schön3.71 Jurisdiction and Impact of National TreatmentGiedre Lideikyte-Huber1199III.72Tax Evasion and Mutual AssistanceLynne Oats and Angharad MillerPART III SECTION IX The Protection of PropertyA. Property Rights3.73 Property Rights, Legal Security and DevelopmentThomas CottierB. Intellectual Property Protection 3.74 Goals, Principles and Minimum Standards of Protection of Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs)Frederick M Abbott3.75 The Impact of Preferential Trade Agreements on IPR ProtectionBryan Mercurio3.76 Relation of IPRs to Trade, Investment and Anti-Trust RulesBeatriz Conde Gallego and Henning Grosse Ruse-Khan3.77 Fair Use and Compulsory LicensingHenning Grosse Ruse-Khan3.78 Specific Concerns of Developing Countries in Intellectual Property RightsCarlos M Correa3.79 Toward Ceilings and Graduation of IP obligationsHenning Grosse Ruse-KhanC. Investment Protection3.80 Coverage in Investment ProtectionAndrew Mitchell and Jacky Mandelbaum3.81 Right to Use and Direct ExpropriationNoah Rubins3.82 Indirect ExpropriationDiego Brian GosisPART III SECTION X Monetary and Financial RegulationA. Law and Economics in Monetary Affairs3.83 Allocation of Powers and Jurisdiction in Monetary LawRosa Maria Lastra3.84 The Role of Law in Monetary Policies Rosa Maria LastraB. Monetary Policies and International Economic Law3.85 The role of the International Monetary FundR Michael Gadbaw3.86 The Role of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in Monetary AffairsR Michael GadbawC. Financial Regulation3.87 International Standards Eva Hüpkes3.88 Banking Core PrinciplesXavier-Yves Zanota3.89 Insurance Core PrinciplesRekha Oleschak-Pillai3.90 Standards for Market ActorsRashid BaharPART IV : Cross-Cutting ChallengesPART IV SECTION I Integrating Domestic and International Economic Law4.1 Multi-Level Governance and Public GoodsErnst-Ulrich Petersmann4.2 The Role of Vertically Shared PrinciplesThomas Cottier4.3 The Role of Lawyers, Courts and Legal EducationThomas Cottier4.4 Graduation of Rights and Obligations in Future Agreements: Towards Progressive RegulationThomas CottierPART IV SECTION II International Economic Law and the Private Sector4.5 Corporations’ Responsibility in International Law Karin Buhmann4.6 Corporate Codes of ConductKarin Buhmann4.7 Role of Lobbies and AssociationsCristián Rodriguez Chiffelle and Nicole Graugnard4.8 Delegated Regulations: NormalizationSimon BrinsmeadPart IV SECTION III Global Value Chains4.9 Linking Goods and Services in the Value ChainMarina Foltea4.10 Regulatory Implications and Challenges of Global Value ChainsMarina FolteaPART IV SECTION IV Combating Poverty4.11 Aid for Trade InitiativeJean-Jacques Hallaert4.12 Technology TransferJeffery Atik4.13 IMF FacilitiesAnnamaria Viterbo4.14 MicrofinanceBeatriz Armendáriz4.15 Debt ReliefKaren Halverson Cross4.16 Sovereign DebtGiuseppe Bianco4.17 Stimulating the Private SectorPhilippe AerniPART IV SECTION V International Economic Law and Sustainable Development4.18 The Principles of Precaution and Sustainability Laurence Boisson de Chazournes and Makane Mbengue4.19 The Role of Environmental Processes and Production MethodsKateryna Holzer4.20 Climate Change Mitigation and Renewable EnergyTetyana Payosova4.21 Soil as a Common Concern: Toward Disciplines on Sustainable Land ManagementThomas Cottier and Elisabeth Bürgi4.22 Environmental TaxesAlice Pirlot4.23 New Disciplines on Energy LawIlaria Espa4.24Trade, Environment and the Law of the SeaJudith Wehrli4.25 Integrating Trade, Investment and Climate ChangeRodrigo PolancoPART IV SECTION VI International Economic Law and Human Rights4.26 Property Rights Beyond Foreign Direct InvestmentThomas Cottier and Elisabeth Bürgi4.27 Land Grabbing, Human Rights and Land Registration ProtectionTomas Cottier and Elisabeth Bürgi4.28 Right to WaterMariel Dimsey4.29 Trade in Bulk WaterFitzgerald Temmerman4.30 Right to Water: Trade in Virtual Water and Product StandardsFitzgerald Temmerman4.31 Right to ElectricityKarolis Gudas4.32 Right to HealthTania Voon4.33 Right to Access to MedicinesFrederick M Abbott4.34 Right to Adequate FoodBernard O’Connor4.35 Rights of WomenBarnali Choudhury4.36 Rights of Persons with DisabilitiesCaroline Hess-Klein4.37 Rights of Indigenous PeoplesMarie WilkeIndex