Sandrine Robert is an archeogeographer, an Associate Professor at EHESS, France, and she has defended her professorial thesis. Her work focuses on the long-term dynamics of landscapes and she is the founder and chair of the Landscape Commission of the UISPP.

• Acknowledgments xiIntroduction xiiiPart 1 Landscape: Continuity and Transformation 1Introduction to Part 1 3Chapter 1 Landscape: The Resistance of the Past? 51.1 The past in the present 51.1.1 Architectural and morphological persistences 51.1.2 Looking to the present to uncover the past: regressive history 71.1.3 The palimpsest as accumulation 91.2 Change, an eternal constant? 121.2.1 The diachronic approach 121.2.2 Connecting past and present 121.2.3 Drivers of change 151.2.4 Primary forms: a non-evolving landscape 181.2.5 The notion of decay 201.3 Reversible time 221.3.1 Resistance to change 221.3.2 The ancient plan as a work of art 231.3.3 The ancient plan as a societal project 241.3.4 Artificial versus natural forms 251.3.5 Conclusion 26Chapter 2 Landscape: A Past… Surpassed? 292.1 A visual revolution 292.1.1 A new vision of landscape 302.1.2 The allure of a new vision 342.1.3 Are we moving toward erasure of the past? 372.2 A stratified landscape 382.2.1 Erasure in the palimpsest model 382.2.2 The fossil landscape 412.2.3 Buried landscapes 432.2.4 The stratified landscape 452.3 The synchronic view 502.3.1 Synchronizing forms and society 502.3.2 The negation of nature and the division of past from present 522.3.3 The break between past and present in methodology 532.3.4 The opposition of nature and culture 542.4 Conclusion 56Chapter 3 Landscape: The Articulation of Past, Present and Future 593.1 The 1990s: a period of revival 593.1.1 Learning from the ground 593.1.2 Re-evaluating the nature/culture dichotomy 603.2 The inversion of time 633.2.1 Non-linear temporalities 633.2.2 Evolved forms versus decayed forms 653.2.3 From regressive analysis to compiled maps 663.3 Discovering new forms 693.3.1 River corridors 693.3.2 Formation networks 713.4 Landscape as a self-organized system 743.4.1 Self-organization and morphogenesis 743.4.2 Plot layouts and road and path networks as systems 753.5 Organizing principles in plot layout and road networks 803.5.1 Morphological principles: reproduction of parcel layouts and road networks 803.5.2 The role of morphogens 833.5.3 Morphostasis, transformission and resilience 883.5.4 The articulation of flow, ground footprint and shape 903.5.5 Asynchrony in flows, ground footprints and shapes: the importance of lag 953.6 Forms in a landscape: specific temporalities 1013.6.1 New temporalities in archeogeography 1023.6.2 Time as a spiral 1053.7 Conclusion 107Part 2 Resilience: A Tool for Understanding the Dialectics of Persistence and Change 109Introduction to Part 2 111Chapter 4 Ecological Resilience as a Systemic Property of Social-ecological Systems 1154.1 The roots of resilience 1154.2 Resilience versus stability: the dynamic role of perturbations 1204.3 A dynamic approach to organization: the adaptive cycle 1214.4 The panarchy model 1244.4.1 Development of the model 1244.4.2 Panarchy and social systems 1294.5 Alternative attractors and transitions in complex systems 1324.5.1 Multiple states 1324.5.2 Alternative attractors and hysteresis 1334.6 Conclusion 137Chapter 5 Resilience and Spatial Systems 1395.1 Pre-2005: the first appropriations of resilience in archeology and geography 1405.1.1 Research in the English-speaking community 1405.1.2 The French case: simultaneous adoption in archeology and geography 1415.1.3 Geography: a limited adoption of the concept of resilience 1495.1.4 Archeology: an adoption of resilience mediated by archeogeography 1505.2 New developments and critical approaches after 2005 1575.2.1 Adoption of the notion of resilience by public authorities and inflation of the term 1575.2.2 The adoption of resilience in the geography of risks 1615.2.3 A controversial appropriation of the notion of resilience 1645.2.4 Assimilation with stability: engineering resilience 1665.2.5 Resilience as a systemic property: a limited impact 1685.3 Conclusion 172Chapter 6 The Conceptual Framework of Ecological Resilience: A Long-term Approach 1736.1 The conceptual framework of ecological resilience: points for discussion 1736.2 The benefits of the long-term perspective 1786.3 The cultural landscape: a field of heuristic experimentation 1826.3.1 The contribution of cultural landscapes and land-use legacies 1826.3.2 The role of spatial markers in social resilience 1856.4 Transitions in settlement systems 1886.5 Conclusion 191Part 3 Synthesis: Landscape as a Resilient Social-ecological System 195Introduction to Part 3 197Chapter 7 Landscape: An Integrated System of Societies and Environments 201Chapter 8 Landscape as a Complex Adaptive System 2058.1 Landscape emergence as a system: key concepts 2058.2 Maintenance and reproduction of landscapes as systems: key concepts 2078.3 Temporalities of resilience in a landscape: key concepts 2108.4 Transitions in landscapes: key concepts 2168.5 Reorganization in a landscape: key concepts 2188.6 The articulation between persistence and change in a landscape: key concepts 2198.7 Temporalities of reorganization in landscape: key concepts 2238.8 Conclusion: summary and directions for further investigation 224Conclusion 229References 233

Sandrine Robert is an archeogeographer, an Associate Professor at EHESS, France, and she has defended her professorial thesis. Her work focuses on the long-term dynamics of landscapes and she is the founder and chair of the Landscape Commission of the UISPP.

• Acknowledgments xiIntroduction xiiiPart 1 Landscape: Continuity and Transformation 1Introduction to Part 1 3Chapter 1 Landscape: The Resistance of the Past? 51.1 The past in the present 51.1.1 Architectural and morphological persistences 51.1.2 Looking to the present to uncover the past: regressive history 71.1.3 The palimpsest as accumulation 91.2 Change, an eternal constant? 121.2.1 The diachronic approach 121.2.2 Connecting past and present 121.2.3 Drivers of change 151.2.4 Primary forms: a non-evolving landscape 181.2.5 The notion of decay 201.3 Reversible time 221.3.1 Resistance to change 221.3.2 The ancient plan as a work of art 231.3.3 The ancient plan as a societal project 241.3.4 Artificial versus natural forms 251.3.5 Conclusion 26Chapter 2 Landscape: A Past… Surpassed? 292.1 A visual revolution 292.1.1 A new vision of landscape 302.1.2 The allure of a new vision 342.1.3 Are we moving toward erasure of the past? 372.2 A stratified landscape 382.2.1 Erasure in the palimpsest model 382.2.2 The fossil landscape 412.2.3 Buried landscapes 432.2.4 The stratified landscape 452.3 The synchronic view 502.3.1 Synchronizing forms and society 502.3.2 The negation of nature and the division of past from present 522.3.3 The break between past and present in methodology 532.3.4 The opposition of nature and culture 542.4 Conclusion 56Chapter 3 Landscape: The Articulation of Past, Present and Future 593.1 The 1990s: a period of revival 593.1.1 Learning from the ground 593.1.2 Re-evaluating the nature/culture dichotomy 603.2 The inversion of time 633.2.1 Non-linear temporalities 633.2.2 Evolved forms versus decayed forms 653.2.3 From regressive analysis to compiled maps 663.3 Discovering new forms 693.3.1 River corridors 693.3.2 Formation networks 713.4 Landscape as a self-organized system 743.4.1 Self-organization and morphogenesis 743.4.2 Plot layouts and road and path networks as systems 753.5 Organizing principles in plot layout and road networks 803.5.1 Morphological principles: reproduction of parcel layouts and road networks 803.5.2 The role of morphogens 833.5.3 Morphostasis, transformission and resilience 883.5.4 The articulation of flow, ground footprint and shape 903.5.5 Asynchrony in flows, ground footprints and shapes: the importance of lag 953.6 Forms in a landscape: specific temporalities 1013.6.1 New temporalities in archeogeography 1023.6.2 Time as a spiral 1053.7 Conclusion 107Part 2 Resilience: A Tool for Understanding the Dialectics of Persistence and Change 109Introduction to Part 2 111Chapter 4 Ecological Resilience as a Systemic Property of Social-ecological Systems 1154.1 The roots of resilience 1154.2 Resilience versus stability: the dynamic role of perturbations 1204.3 A dynamic approach to organization: the adaptive cycle 1214.4 The panarchy model 1244.4.1 Development of the model 1244.4.2 Panarchy and social systems 1294.5 Alternative attractors and transitions in complex systems 1324.5.1 Multiple states 1324.5.2 Alternative attractors and hysteresis 1334.6 Conclusion 137Chapter 5 Resilience and Spatial Systems 1395.1 Pre-2005: the first appropriations of resilience in archeology and geography 1405.1.1 Research in the English-speaking community 1405.1.2 The French case: simultaneous adoption in archeology and geography 1415.1.3 Geography: a limited adoption of the concept of resilience 1495.1.4 Archeology: an adoption of resilience mediated by archeogeography 1505.2 New developments and critical approaches after 2005 1575.2.1 Adoption of the notion of resilience by public authorities and inflation of the term 1575.2.2 The adoption of resilience in the geography of risks 1615.2.3 A controversial appropriation of the notion of resilience 1645.2.4 Assimilation with stability: engineering resilience 1665.2.5 Resilience as a systemic property: a limited impact 1685.3 Conclusion 172Chapter 6 The Conceptual Framework of Ecological Resilience: A Long-term Approach 1736.1 The conceptual framework of ecological resilience: points for discussion 1736.2 The benefits of the long-term perspective 1786.3 The cultural landscape: a field of heuristic experimentation 1826.3.1 The contribution of cultural landscapes and land-use legacies 1826.3.2 The role of spatial markers in social resilience 1856.4 Transitions in settlement systems 1886.5 Conclusion 191Part 3 Synthesis: Landscape as a Resilient Social-ecological System 195Introduction to Part 3 197Chapter 7 Landscape: An Integrated System of Societies and Environments 201Chapter 8 Landscape as a Complex Adaptive System 2058.1 Landscape emergence as a system: key concepts 2058.2 Maintenance and reproduction of landscapes as systems: key concepts 2078.3 Temporalities of resilience in a landscape: key concepts 2108.4 Transitions in landscapes: key concepts 2168.5 Reorganization in a landscape: key concepts 2188.6 The articulation between persistence and change in a landscape: key concepts 2198.7 Temporalities of reorganization in landscape: key concepts 2238.8 Conclusion: summary and directions for further investigation 224Conclusion 229References 233

Sandrine Robert is an archeogeographer, an Associate Professor at EHESS, France, and she has defended her professorial thesis. Her work focuses on the long-term dynamics of landscapes and she is the founder and chair of the Landscape Commission of the UISPP.

• Acknowledgments xiIntroduction xiiiPart 1 Landscape: Continuity and Transformation 1Introduction to Part 1 3Chapter 1 Landscape: The Resistance of the Past? 51.1 The past in the present 51.1.1 Architectural and morphological persistences 51.1.2 Looking to the present to uncover the past: regressive history 71.1.3 The palimpsest as accumulation 91.2 Change, an eternal constant? 121.2.1 The diachronic approach 121.2.2 Connecting past and present 121.2.3 Drivers of change 151.2.4 Primary forms: a non-evolving landscape 181.2.5 The notion of decay 201.3 Reversible time 221.3.1 Resistance to change 221.3.2 The ancient plan as a work of art 231.3.3 The ancient plan as a societal project 241.3.4 Artificial versus natural forms 251.3.5 Conclusion 26Chapter 2 Landscape: A Past… Surpassed? 292.1 A visual revolution 292.1.1 A new vision of landscape 302.1.2 The allure of a new vision 342.1.3 Are we moving toward erasure of the past? 372.2 A stratified landscape 382.2.1 Erasure in the palimpsest model 382.2.2 The fossil landscape 412.2.3 Buried landscapes 432.2.4 The stratified landscape 452.3 The synchronic view 502.3.1 Synchronizing forms and society 502.3.2 The negation of nature and the division of past from present 522.3.3 The break between past and present in methodology 532.3.4 The opposition of nature and culture 542.4 Conclusion 56Chapter 3 Landscape: The Articulation of Past, Present and Future 593.1 The 1990s: a period of revival 593.1.1 Learning from the ground 593.1.2 Re-evaluating the nature/culture dichotomy 603.2 The inversion of time 633.2.1 Non-linear temporalities 633.2.2 Evolved forms versus decayed forms 653.2.3 From regressive analysis to compiled maps 663.3 Discovering new forms 693.3.1 River corridors 693.3.2 Formation networks 713.4 Landscape as a self-organized system 743.4.1 Self-organization and morphogenesis 743.4.2 Plot layouts and road and path networks as systems 753.5 Organizing principles in plot layout and road networks 803.5.1 Morphological principles: reproduction of parcel layouts and road networks 803.5.2 The role of morphogens 833.5.3 Morphostasis, transformission and resilience 883.5.4 The articulation of flow, ground footprint and shape 903.5.5 Asynchrony in flows, ground footprints and shapes: the importance of lag 953.6 Forms in a landscape: specific temporalities 1013.6.1 New temporalities in archeogeography 1023.6.2 Time as a spiral 1053.7 Conclusion 107Part 2 Resilience: A Tool for Understanding the Dialectics of Persistence and Change 109Introduction to Part 2 111Chapter 4 Ecological Resilience as a Systemic Property of Social-ecological Systems 1154.1 The roots of resilience 1154.2 Resilience versus stability: the dynamic role of perturbations 1204.3 A dynamic approach to organization: the adaptive cycle 1214.4 The panarchy model 1244.4.1 Development of the model 1244.4.2 Panarchy and social systems 1294.5 Alternative attractors and transitions in complex systems 1324.5.1 Multiple states 1324.5.2 Alternative attractors and hysteresis 1334.6 Conclusion 137Chapter 5 Resilience and Spatial Systems 1395.1 Pre-2005: the first appropriations of resilience in archeology and geography 1405.1.1 Research in the English-speaking community 1405.1.2 The French case: simultaneous adoption in archeology and geography 1415.1.3 Geography: a limited adoption of the concept of resilience 1495.1.4 Archeology: an adoption of resilience mediated by archeogeography 1505.2 New developments and critical approaches after 2005 1575.2.1 Adoption of the notion of resilience by public authorities and inflation of the term 1575.2.2 The adoption of resilience in the geography of risks 1615.2.3 A controversial appropriation of the notion of resilience 1645.2.4 Assimilation with stability: engineering resilience 1665.2.5 Resilience as a systemic property: a limited impact 1685.3 Conclusion 172Chapter 6 The Conceptual Framework of Ecological Resilience: A Long-term Approach 1736.1 The conceptual framework of ecological resilience: points for discussion 1736.2 The benefits of the long-term perspective 1786.3 The cultural landscape: a field of heuristic experimentation 1826.3.1 The contribution of cultural landscapes and land-use legacies 1826.3.2 The role of spatial markers in social resilience 1856.4 Transitions in settlement systems 1886.5 Conclusion 191Part 3 Synthesis: Landscape as a Resilient Social-ecological System 195Introduction to Part 3 197Chapter 7 Landscape: An Integrated System of Societies and Environments 201Chapter 8 Landscape as a Complex Adaptive System 2058.1 Landscape emergence as a system: key concepts 2058.2 Maintenance and reproduction of landscapes as systems: key concepts 2078.3 Temporalities of resilience in a landscape: key concepts 2108.4 Transitions in landscapes: key concepts 2168.5 Reorganization in a landscape: key concepts 2188.6 The articulation between persistence and change in a landscape: key concepts 2198.7 Temporalities of reorganization in landscape: key concepts 2238.8 Conclusion: summary and directions for further investigation 224Conclusion 229References 233