Smart Patches

Dominique Paret is an ESIEE engineer with a DEA in physics. He was responsible for the technical support of an international leader of electronic components for many years. He is a professor in numerous engineering schools around the world and manages a company of experts and technical consultants.Pierre Crégo is a microelectronics engineer and the CEO of Mercury Technologies. He has worked as a payment security expert for contactless cards and reader technologies. He is also an officially certified lead auditor for GDPR and personal data audits.Pauline Solère is a microelectronics engineer from ESIEE and a specialist in e-health regarding the exploitation of sensors and the acquisition, use and security of data. Her research focuses on the fundamental and applicative aspects of graphene.

• Foreword xiAcknowledgements xiiiPreface xvIntroduction xixPart 1 Smart Apparel, Smart Patches and Biosensors 1Chapter 1 Smart Apparel, Smart Patches and the Related Constraints 31.1 Reminders and definitions 31.1.1 Main families of textiles 31.1.2 Apparel 111.2 The smart textile market from a consumer’s point of view 141.2.1 Purchase levers 141.2.2 Barriers to the purchase of smart apparel 141.2.3 Solutions to instill confidence 161.2.4 The hype curve for innovations 161.3 Constraints surrounding an SA project 201.3.1 Financial and marketing aspects 201.3.2 Ergonomic aspects 211.3.3 Technical aspects 221.3.4 Energy-related aspects 231.3.5 Industrial aspects 231.3.6 Regulatory aspects and recommendations 241.3.7 Normative aspects 421.3.8 Applicative aspects 45Chapter 2 Biosensors and Graphene Technology 532.1 Introduction to sensors in smart apparel 542.1.1 Sensors frequently used in smart apparel 562.2 Sensors of "non-biological" physical properties 612.2.1 Types of detectors used in these sensors 622.2.2 Examples of sensors 622.3 Graphene 662.3.1 Carbon 662.3.2 Graphite 662.3.3 Graphene 672.3.4 Properties of graphene 692.3.5 The usefulness of graphene in smart apparel 722.4 Graphene and its secrets 732.4.1 Obtaining graphene 742.4.2 Graphene producers and suppliers 832.4.3 Market price 862.4.4 Research around graphene 872.4.5 Patents and intellectual property 922.5 "Bio" sensors 942.5.1 "Physical" sensors connected to bio materials, without analyte 942.5.2 "Bio" sensors (biosensors), with analyte 962.6 Applications of graphene in smart apparel 1122.6.1 Biosensors and patches 1122.6.2 Multisensors: multibiosensor patches 1242.6.3 Beyond sensors and beyond "bio" 1252.7 Conclusions on graphene in smart apparel 1292.7.1 Benefits to the applicative constraints of smart apparel 1292.7.2 Graphene-based biosensors in smart apparel 1352.7.3 Critical points that must be examined at the very outset 136Part 2 Biocontroller 137Chapter 3 Bioprocessors 1393.1 Overall structure: "AFE (Analog Front-End) + CPU (Central Processing Unit)" 1403.1.1 "All-in-two" 1413.1.2 "All-in-one" 1413.2 The AFE 1423.2.1 Functions of an AFE 1423.2.2 The numerous possible types of AFE 1423.3 The CPU 1583.3.1 Signal processing 158Chapter 4 Power to the Patch 1674.1 Problems surrounding power supply to a patch 1674.1.1 Choice of means of energy supply to a patch 1674.1.2 Estimating a patch’s energy balance 1684.1.3 Choice of battery, supercapacitor and energy harvesting 1724.2 Energy harvesting 1754.2.1 General 1764.2.2 Existing technologies for smart apparel 1874.3 Example of energy harvesting for smart apparel 1894.3.1 Energy harvesting via an HF (high-frequency) NFC link 1894.3.2 Examples of NFC patches with energy harvesting 196Chapter 5 OBC (Out-of-Body Communications) and IBC (Intra-Body Communications) in Smart Apparel 1995.1 Communications in smart apparel 2005.1.1 OBC 2005.1.2 IBC 2015.1.3 Possible means of communication for patches 2025.2 Connectivity and viability of OBC in smart apparel 2045.2.1 Viability of OBC connection in smart apparel 2045.3 From the RF-connected world to OBC in smart apparel 2075.3.1 The absolute fundamentals of RF 2085.3.2 Long- or short-range RF connectivity in smart apparel 2095.3.3 Short range (SR) 2115.3.4 Medium Range (MR) 2135.3.5 Medium Range Wide Band (MRWB) (around 100 meters) 2135.3.6 Long Range (LR) and Far-Field 2145.4 Architecture of connected smart apparel chains 2155.4.1 Technological description of the chain 2165.4.2 Big Data 2215.4.3 The numerous protocols used 2225.5 OBC and IBC patch networks in smart apparel 2225.5.1 The numerous terms in the x AN (x Area Network) family 2235.5.2 RF x PAN (x Personal Area Network) 2255.5.3 From the WPAN (Wireless Personal Area Network) to the WBAN (Wireless Body Area Network) 2275.5.4 PAN and the IEEE 802.15 family 2275.6 BAN 2285.6.1 Definition of a BAN-IEEE 802.15.6 2285.6.2 History of BANs 2295.6.3 BANs in smart apparel 2315.6.4 Physical layer of a BAN 2365.6.5 MAC (Medium Access Control) layer 2405.6.6 Fields of application for BANs 2415.6.7 Main challenges in the design of BAN patches 2445.7 IBC 2455.7.1 From the BAN to IBC 2455.7.2 Genesis of IBC 2475.7.3 The major principles of IBC 2525.8 Capacitive IBC system 2655.8.1 Communication between two network elements 2655.8.2 IBC and bodily non-radiation 2695.8.3 Fundamental concept of IBC 2725.9 Modeling of an IBC system 2735.9.1 Model of an IBC system and channel analysis 2745.9.2 Modeling of human-body communication channels 2745.9.3 Electrical model of the medium 2785.9.4 Electrical model of the channel 2805.10 Simulations 2835.11 Examples of smart apparel solutions using IBC 2845.11.1 Example 1: for beginners 2845.11.2 Example 2: for the initiated 290Conclusion: Concrete Implementation of a Solution 295Epilogue 315Glossary 317Authors 319References 321Index 327