Blockchain Applications in Healthcare

Tanupriya Choudhury is a Senior Associate Professor in the Informatics Cluster at the University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India.Abhirup Khanna is an Assistant Professor in Systemic Cluster at the University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India.Prasenjit Chatterjee is the Dean (Research and Consultancy) at MCKV Institute of Engineering, India.Jung-Sup Um is Editor-in-Chief of Spatial Information Research. He is a Professor at Kyungpook National University, South Korea.Abhishek Bhattacharya is a Co-founder at Whrrl and a Forbes 30 under 30. He is currently building India's first Agri-Fintech Blockchain platform, expecting to bring many benefits and solutions to a range of sectors.

• Foreword xiiiPraveen KUMAR and Roohi SILLEPreface xvTanupriya CHOUDHURY, Abhirup KHANNA, Prasenjit CHATTERJEE, Jung-Sup UM, Abhishek BHATTACHARYAAcknowledgments xixChapter 1 Framework for Blockchain in Healthcare 1Neha MEHTA, Jyoti AHLAWAT and Leena ARYA1.1 Concept of Blockchain 21.2 Blockchain as distributed database 71.3 Architecture of Blockchain in healthcare 91.4 Development of Blockchain: A state of art 121.5 Information distribution in Blockchain 151.6 The growing anticipation of Blockchain 151.6.1 Challenges faced by Blockchain 171.7 The benefits of Blockchain in healthcare 181.8 Open issues related to Blockchain 191.9 Future trends of Blockchain 211.10 References 21Chapter 2 Role of Smart Contracts in Blockchain 23Avita KATAL, Teoh Teik TOE and Tanupriya CHOUDHURY2.1 Introduction to Blockchain 232.1.1 Types of Blockchain 252.1.2 Characteristics of Blockchain 262.2 Smart contracts 262.2.1 Operating mechanism of smart contracts 272.2.2 Applications of smart contracts 282.2.3 Programming languages and platforms 302.3 Quantitative analysis 312.3.1 Results 322.4 Role of smart contracts in healthcare 342.4.1 Health Insurance 342.4.2 Healthcare 342.4.3 Telemedicine 352.5 Example of smart contracts 352.5.1 Simple open auction 352.5.2 Voting 382.5.3 Patient record 422.6 Challenges related to smart contracts 442.6.1 Contract vulnerabilities 442.6.2 Privacy and legal issues 462.6.3 Immutability issue 462.7 Conclusion 462.8 References 47Chapter 3 Blockchain-based Platforms for the Healthcare Industry 49Dakshita NEGI, Anushree SHAH, Saurabh RAWAT and Tanupriya CHOUDHURY3.1 Introduction 493.2 Literature review 503.3 Blockchain technology 553.3.1 Uses of Blockchain in the healthcare sector 563.4 Blockchain applications that can be useful for treating the medical sector problems 573.4.1 Smart contracts 573.4.2 Fraud detection 573.4.3 Identity verification 583.5 Examples of healthcare platforms using Blockchain 583.5.1 Data sharing using Gem Health Network 583.5.2 MeDshare 593.5.3 OmniPHR 593.6 Blockchain during the Covid-19 pandemic 603.7 Conclusion 613.8 References 61Chapter 4 Analyzing and Modeling the Challenges Faced by the Healthcare Sector in the Adoption Process of Blockchain Technologies 65Subhodeep MUKHERJEE, Manish Mohan BARAL and Venkataiah CHITTIPAKA4.1 Introduction 654.2 Literature review 674.2.1 Blockchain in healthcare 674.3 Challenges of Blockchain in healthcare 684.3.1 Technical challenges (TC) 684.3.2 Social challenges (SC) 684.3.3 Organizational challenges (OC) 694.4 Research methodology 694.5 Data analysis 704.6 Discussion 754.7 Conclusion 754.8 References 76Chapter 5 Blockchain as an Effective Technology in Maintaining Electronic Health Record Systems 81Avita KATAL, Vitesh SETHI, Hussain Falih MAHDI and Tanupriya CHOUDHURY5.1 Introduction 815.2 Background concepts on Blockchain technology 825.2.1 Consensus algorithms 825.2.2 Types of Blockchain 835.2.3 Smart contracts 855.2.4 Features of Blockchain 865.2.5 Applications of Blockchain technology 875.3 Blockchain in healthcare 895.4 Electronic health records using Blockchain 905.5 Quantitative analysis 915.5.1 Results 935.6 Proposed framework for the EHRs using Blockchain 955.6.1 System workflow 955.7 Issues in Blockchain-based EHRs 965.8 Case studies 975.8.1 MedRec 975.8.2 AI-based solution for EHRs 985.8.3 Improving medical record keeping with Blockchain 1005.9 Conclusion 1005.10 References 101Chapter 6 An Optimistic Approach to Share Private Health Records Using Blockchain Technology 103P. PRAVEEN, Mohammed Ali SHAIK, B. RAMA and V. ANITHA6.1 Introduction 1036.2 Related work 1046.2.1 Process of storing larger healthcare data 1056.3 Blockchain-based EHR system 1066.3.1 Sharing of data 1086.3.2 Interoperability 1086.3.3 A distributed network 1096.3.4 Shared ledger 1106.3.5 Digital transactions 1106.4 Blockchain in healthcare 1106.4.1 On-chain storage 1106.4.2 Off-chain storage 1116.4.3 Trust issues in the context of health information exchange (HIE) 1116.5 Conclusion and future scope 1146.6 References 115Chapter 7 Patient Data Privacy Using Blockchain 117Jatin SETHI and ALIND7.1 Introduction 1187.2 Threat modeling – digitalization in the healthcare industry 1197.2.1 Data flow diagram (DFD) 1207.2.2 Threat analysis 1227.3 Privacy versus security 1237.3.1 Privacy in Blockchain 1247.3.2 Process flow 1277.4 Regulatory compliance requirements 1297.4.1 HIPAA, HITRUST, HITECH and GDPR 1307.4.2 Blockchain as a savior 1317.5 Differential privacy 1327.5.1 Local differential privacy versus global differential privacy 1337.5.2 Quantification of privacy and mathematical form of differential privacy 1347.5.3 Advantages of using differential privacy in Blockchain 1357.6 Privacy by Design 1357.7 Conclusion 1367.8 References 136Chapter 8 Decentralized Smart Healthcare Systems Using Blockchain and AI 139R.S.M. Lakshmi PATIBANDLA, Arepalli Peda GOPI, V. Lakshman NARAYANA and B. Tarakeswara RAO8.1 Introduction to the healthcare system 1398.1.1 Introduction to AI 1408.1.2 Introduction to Blockchain 1418.2 Use of AI in healthcare systems 1428.3 Use of Blockchain in healthcare systems 1438.4 History of medical care 1448.4.1 Health claims 1448.4.2 Interoperability 1458.4.3 Exposure to healthcare 1458.4.4 Supply chains 1458.5 Literature review 1468.6 Bringing intelligence to medical devices and machines 1478.7 Using artificial intelligence to transform clinical decision-making in hospitals 1498.7.1 Advantages of Blockchain in healthcare systems 1508.8 Results of existing models 1528.9 Conclusion 1538.10 References 153Chapter 9 Component-based Healthcare Software Application Using Blockchain 155Nisha PAL and Dharmendra Kumar YADAV9.1 Introduction 1569.2 Literature review 1609.3 Software development models 1659.3.1 Traditional software development methodologies 1669.3.2 Modern software development methodologies 1719.4 Proposed model 1789.4.1 Component-based software development life-cycle 1799.4.2 Component development life-cycle 1809.5 Comparison among different software development life-cycle models 1829.6 Conclusion and future works 1829.7 References 185Chapter 10 The Role of Smart Contracts and Blockchain Technology in Healthcare and Other Use Cases 189Abhishek BHATTACHARYA, Tanupriya CHOUDHURY and Roohi SILLE10.1 Introduction 18910.1.1 Comparison between traditional contracts and smart contracts 19010.2 Ethereum: Generation Two of Blockchain technology 19110.2.1 History of Ethereum 19110.3 Smart contracts 19210.3.1 How smart contracts work 19210.3.2 Benefits of smart contracts 19310.3.3 Roles of smart contracts 19310.4 Use of smart contracts in healthcare, patient monitoring, and other use cases 19410.4.1 Transparency in supply chain 19510.4.2 Electronic health records on the Blockchain 19510.4.3 Use of smart contracts for insurance and billing in supply chain management 19610.4.4 Verification of medical personnel’s identity cards 19610.4.5 IoT security for remote patient monitoring 19710.5 Building smart contracts on the Ethereum Blockchain 19710.5.1 Ethereum virtual machine (EVM) 19710.5.2 Gas 19810.5.3 Solidity 19810.6 Real-time use cases of smart contracts 19910.6.1 Smart contracts and insurance 19910.6.2 Smart contracts in an electric vehicle 19910.6.3 Smart contracts in the energy sector 19910.6.4 Intellectual property rights 20010.6.5 Stock trading 20010.7 Six companies using smart contracts in real-world applications 20010.7.1 Slock.It 20010.7.2 Fizzy AXA 20110.7.3 Etherparty 20110.7.4 Propy 20110.7.5 Populous 20210.7.6 PolySwarm 20210.8 Challenges 20310.9 Historical attacks and issues with smart contracts 20310.10 Conclusion 20410.11 References 205Chapter 11 Healthcare Research Using Blockchain Technology: A Future Perspective 207Bhumika SHARMA, Roohi SILLE and Tanupriya CHOUDHURY11.1 Introduction 20711.2 Benefits of using Blockchain in the healthcare industry 20811.3 Application of Blockchain in the healthcare industry 20911.4 Merging of Blockchain with artificial intelligence in healthcare 21111.5 Drawbacks of using Blockchain in the healthcare industry 21111.6 Conclusion and future scope 21211.7 References 213List of Authors 215Index 219