Regionalization of the World

Pierre Beckouche is Professor of Geography at the University of Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, France. His research focuses on economic geography, the regionalization of globalization and trans-Mediterranean relations. He has chaired the Scientific Council of the GIS "Collège International des Sciences du Territoire".Yann Richard is Professor of Geography at the University of Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, France. His research focuses on the spatial dynamics of the margins of the former USSR, regional integration, the European Union, and war as part of the Sorbonne War Studies project.

• Introduction xiiiPierre BECKOUCHE and Yann RICHARDChapter 1 From Regional Geography to the Geography of Regionalization 1Pierre BECKOUCHE and Yann RICHARD1.1 Introduction 11.2 19th and 20th centuries: the hesitant paths of regionalization between intra-state regions and continents 21.2.1 The legacy of the 18th century 21.2.2 Vidal and the vidalians: lifestyles, cities and circulation 21.3 20th century: an early but timid emergence of the world 41.3.1 The world as a chessboard 41.3.2 The inter-war period: decline of Europe, the European region, Triad 51.3.3 After World War II: global regions at last? 61.3.4 The 1980s: the world as a system 81.4 The turn of the 20th/21st century: relations between geographers and other disciplines are almost one way 81.4.1 Economics reformulates the regional equation 91.4.2 Trendy regionalism and multidisciplinary necessity 91.4.3 Contributions and aporias of the civilizational paradigm 111.5 References 12Chapter 2 The Regionalization of Migration 17Camille SCHMOLL2.1 Introduction 172.2 Regionalization: main characteristics 182.2.1 A global trend… 182.2.2 …particularly strong in Europe and Sub-Saharan Africa 192.2.3 Contrasting developments 202.2.4 The share of forced migration 212.3 The region: a relational space, crossed by intense circulation 222.3.1 Naming and describing the regionalization of migration From the field to the migration system 222.3.2 The region "from below": a circulatory territory 232.4 The political dimension: a crucial aspect for understanding the structuring of migrant regions 242.4.1 From the migration system to the migration regime, a strong political connotation 242.4.2 The double European migration regime 252.5 Conclusion: the power of proximity 252.6 References 26Chapter 3 Energy Supply: Comparison of Regional Experiences 29Angélique PALLE3.1 Introduction 293.2 Francophone approaches and determining factors of regional energy integration 303.2.1 Approaches to francophone geography 303.2.2 The determining factors of regional energy integration, a process combining several layers 313.3 Regional energy integration models and the challenge of ecological transition 333.3.1 Comparison of international energy integration dynamics and typology 333.3.2 Is energy integration a response to the ecological transition? 363.4 Conclusion 373.5 References 38Chapter 4 Transport Systems and Regional Integration 43Antoine BEYER4.1 Introduction 434.2 Transport and circulation: key variables in the partition models of the world into large civilizational groups 444.2.1 A global trend… 444.3 Globalized transport and hierarchical rearrangement of regional units 464.4 Continental transport corridors, at the heart of regional integration projects 524.5 The difficulty of measuring the knock-on effects of transport corridors on regional economies 554.6 TEN-T: political leverage for European integration 564.7 Towards a regionalization of international transport law? 584.8 Conclusion: the multidimensional construction of regional integrations through the lens of transport systems 624.9 References 63Chapter 5 The Regionalization-Globalization Pair: A Reading of the Evolution of World Trade 67Gilles VAN HAMME5.1 Introduction 675.2 A methodology for analyzing regional and global dynamics 695.3 The main lessons learned 715.3.1 A regional organization of exchanges 715.3.2 The deglobalization of the 2010s? 735.3.3 What are the driving forces of these refocusing processes? 765.4 Towards a reinterpretation of the regionalization-globalization dynamics 775.4.1 From the migration regime, a strong political connotation 775.5 Conclusion: a look at the production of francophone geography on these issues 785.6 Appendix 795.7 References 80Chapter 6 Stock Market Activity and the Regionalization Process 83Maude SAINTEVILLE6.1 Introduction 836.2 Regionalization in the practices of stock exchange activities: the case of cross-border listings 846.2.1 Observing the regionalization of cross-border listings in the context of stock exchange activities 846.2.2 Explaining regionalization through relational preferences 866.2.3 Regionalization in the face of the 2007-2008 financial crisis 866.3 Regionalization in the organization of the stock exchange activity: the construction of stock exchange groups 876.3.1 The choice of regionalization for the organization of stock exchange groups? 876.3.2 Regionalization favored by regional integration: the case of stock market activity within the European Union 936.4 What role for regionalization in the evolution of stock market activity? 946.5 Conclusion: the power of proximity 966.6 References 97Chapter 7 The Runet, a Region of Cyberspace? 99Kevin LIMONIER7.1 Introduction 997.2 From the cultural to the political Runet: appropriation of the "upper layers" of cyberspace 1017.3 Control and dependencies on the lower layers of cyberspace 1057.4 Conclusion 1087.5 References 109Chapter 8 Security Regions: A Heterogeneous World Between Conflicts and Cooperation 111Emmanuel CHAUVIN8.1 Introduction 1118.2 Regional security cooperation: globalization and diversification 1128.2.1 Security, the basis of regional construction 1128.2.2 Security for the regions: from defense to human security 1148.2.3 Regional security architectures: a variety of styles 1178.3 Realities and myths of the regionalization of insecurity 1188.3.1 Regional violence training 1198.3.2 Insecurities that recompose regions 1208.3.3 Imaginary figures of regional insecurities 1218.4 Conclusion 1228.5 References 123Chapter 9 African Integration in All Its Forms 127Géraud MAGRIN and Olivier NINOT9.1 Introduction 1279.2 Regional paper integrations? 1289.2.1 Slow progress in regional integration 1289.2.2 Africa's regions as seen from the outside 1319.3 African trade from below 1329.3.1 Historical relational areas that replay in the present 1339.3.2 The ambiguous potential of national peripheries 1339.3.3 The other side of the border 1349.4 Artifact-centered regionalizations 1359.4.1 International corridors: a tool for extraversion or support for regional markets? 1369.4.2 Environmental integration? 1379.5 Conclusion 1389.6 References 139Contents ixChapter 10 Europe, a Geographical Puzzle (A) 145Etienne TOUREILLE, Antoine LAPORTE and Claude GRASLAND10.1 Introduction 14510.2 The various definitions of Europe 14610.2.1 Europe captured by the EU: the institutional tropism 14610.2.2 Europe-continent: a cumbersome ethnocentrism 14910.2.3 The geographer's Europe: a whole to be (de)constructed, to be regionalized 15210.3 Finding the limits of Europe 15310.3.1 A plurality of approaches 15310.3.2 Limitations and perspectives 15610.3.3 Some ideas for reflection: returning to the deeper meaning of regionalization 15710.4 Conclusion: the geography of Europe, a psychoanalytical exercise for Europeans 15910.4.1 A necessarily plural and complex object 16010.4.2 Dividing the world into regions: a way to find our place in it 16010.5 References 161Chapter 11 Three Exercises in the Regionalization of Europe 167Antoine LAPORTE, Etienne TOUREILLE and Claude GRASLAND11.1 Introduction: the search for Europe and three tracks for its quest 16711.2 Embassy networks in the world and the renewed place of European states 16911.3 Europe through the titles of regional IGOs: a perspective from Turkey 17211.4 Europe and world regions in the French national daily press (2013-2020) 17611.5 Conclusion: Europe and the European Union, a complex and ever-changing landscape 18211.6 References 183Chapter 12 The Arctic, a (Macro)Region under Construction? 185Camille ESCUDÉ and Frédéric LASSERRE12.1 Introduction 18512.2 The Arctic, a self-proclaimed region? The notion of region mobilized (or not) by the Arctic actors 18712.2.1 Belonging to the Arctic, previously politically mobilized 18712.2.2 Other minimal forms of belonging: economic, autonomous, scientific 18812.3 A region built mainly from above: institutional regionalism draws the boundaries of a contested region 18912.3.1 Protecting the environment: a pillar of regional integration 18912.3.2 External actors attempt to expand the political boundaries of the region 19112.4 Building a functional Arctic region from below? 19412.4.1 The weak regionalization of activities 19512.4.2 Regionalization of trade on a larger scale: the example of the Barents region 19712.5 Conclusion 19912.6 References 201Chapter 13 North America: An Asymmetric Regional Integration 207Christian GIRAULT13.1 Introduction 20713.2 The region of great spaces 20713.2.1 A region long isolated on the world map 20813.2.2 A very simple political map 20913.3 The three partner states in North America 20913.3.1 The wars of the 19th century, the affirmation of modern nations and the delicate regional theme 20913.3.2 American hegemony over strategic control of the region 21113.3.3 Neighborhood, technical and diplomatic cooperation: progress throughout the 21st century 21213.4 What kind of integration is taking place in North America? 21313.4.1 The consequences of NAFTA are irreversible 21413.4.2 An agreement badly affected by September 11 and cartels, but eventually solid 21613.4.3 The renegotiation of NAFTA under Donald Trump 21613.4.4 The reality of population integration and ideological battles over migration 21713.5 Conclusion: the dilemmas of hyperpower in international competition 21913.6 References 220Chapter 14 Latin American Integrations 223Sébastien VELUT14.1 Introduction 22314.2 Naming a large region to integrate it 22414.3 National and regional integrations 22614.4 Advances and impasses of contemporary political projects 23014.5 True integration by the actors 23314.6 Conclusion: the meaning of integration 23514.7 References 236Chapter 15 The People's Republic of China: Regional Pre-eminence as a Mirror of its Global Power 241Thierry SANJUAN and Karine HENRIOT15.1 Introduction 24115.2 From regional integration to the construction of its own regional mechanism 24215.2.1 Breaking out of isolation 24315.2.2 Economic integration 24415.2.3 Building a regional environment of your own 24415.3 The territories of integration in Asia 24515.3.1 The territories of the Chinese opening 24615.3.2 Border regulations 24715.3.3 Chinese territories of integration outside the Mainland 24715.3.4 Regional cooperation and security 24815.4 Projection in Asia and regional tensions 24815.4.1 International events in Asia 24915.4.2 "Compatriots" and the Chinese overseas 24915.4.3 Growing regional tensions 25015.4.4 The ambivalence of a differentiated discourse between Asian power and world power 25115.5 Conclusion: the power of proximity 25215.6 References 253Chapter 16 Southeast Asia, a Region? 255Nathalie FAU16.1 Introduction 25516.2 Regional integration as a tool for international recognition 25616.2.1 From an exogenous regional name to the construction of ASEAN 25616.2.2 The difficult emergence of a Southeast Asian community 25716.2.3 The centrality of ASEAN 25816.3 Reconciling regional integration and integration into globalization 25916.3.1 An externally driven economic integration dynamic 25916.3.2 Re-engineering Southeast Asia by improving regional connectivity 26016.3.3 The privileged territories of regional integration 26216.4 Between risk of dilution and disintegration 26416.4.1 China, a factor in the disintegration of Southeast Asia? 26416.4.2 A proliferation of regionalization projects larger than Southeast Asia 26516.5 Conclusion: the power of proximity 26716.6 References 268Conclusion 273Pierre BECKOUCHE and Yann RICHARDList of Authors 281Index 283