Edited by Duane A. Gill, Research Professor of Sociology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University and Emeritus Regents Professor of Sociology, Oklahoma State University, Liesel A. Ritchie, Professor of Sociology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University and Nnenia M. Campbell, Executive Director, The William Averette Anderson Fund for Hazard and Disaster Mitigation Education and Research, USA

‘Through brief but substantive essays, this remarkable collection of authors reveals the intersection between technologies, economic incentives, and social constraints that generate social risk in novel and unanticipated ways. Building on Ulrich Beck’s seminal insights regarding the impact of technologies on working social and economic practices, the essays, collectively, produce a deeper, more nuanced understanding of the ‘risk society.’’

• ContentsForeword xivIntroduction to Encyclopediaof Technological Hazardsand Disasters in the SocialSciences 1Duane A. Gill1 Aberfan coal slag disaster(Wales, UK) 4Iain McLean2 Alberta oil sands (Canada) 8Sydney M. Dyck3 Alexander L Kielland oilrig disaster (Norway) 14Are Holen4 Amoco Cadiz oil spill (France) 22Tanjum Tushi and MohammadMahbubur Rahman5 Anthropocene 27Susan L. Cutter6 Anthropogenic climate change 34Kandice L. Grossman7 Baseline ResilienceIndicators for Communities(BRIC): theory to practice 41Susan L. Cutter8 Bhopal disaster (India) 46Nikhil Deb9 BP Deepwater Horizon oilspill (USA) 53Michael R. Cope and Tim Slack10 Braer oil spill in theShetland Islands (UK) 60Shahana Akter and MohammadMahbubur Rahman11 Buffalo Creek, WV: damcollapse and flood (USA) 64Duane A. Gill12 Buffalo Creek: reflections 72Kai T. Erikson13 Buffalo Creek: impacts ofEverything in Its Path 77Steve Kroll-Smith14 Camp Fire wildfire,California (USA) 83Mitchell Snyder15 Cancer Alley, Louisiana (USA) 88Martha Sibley16 Cascading risk 93Gianluca Pescaroli and DavidE. Alexander17 Centralia, PA mine firedisaster (USA) 97Steve Kroll-Smith and StephenR. Couch18 Challenger space shuttledisaster (USA) 104Ryan Hagen19 Chemical Valley and theAamjiwnaang First Nation(Canada) 109Laurence Butet-Roch, SarahMarie Wiebe, and Ada Lockridge20 Chernobyl nuclear disaster (USSR) 117Michael R. Edelstein21 Children and technologicaldisasters 128Brandi Gilbert-Johnson andAvelyn R. Heltzel22 Chronic technical disaster 135Stephen R. Couch and SteveKroll-Smith23 Community capitals andtechnological hazards and disasters 143Liesel A. Ritchie and Adam M. Straub24 Concentrated AnimalFeeding Operations 152Adam Driscoll and Bob Edwards25 Conservation of resources theory 159Liesel A. Ritchie and Duane A. Gill26 Contaminated communities 166Michael R. Edelstein27 Corrosive community 173Duane A. Gill and Liesel A. Ritchie28 Dam failures with floods astechna disasters 180Duane A. Gill29 Darvaza gas crater (Turkmenistan) 188Duane A. Gill30 Disaster origins: howperceptions shape publicunderstanding and action 191Ksenia Chmutina and Jason vonMeding31 Ecological modernization 196Md Saidul Islam32 Ecological-symbolic theory 203Steve Kroll‑Smith and StephenR. Couch33 Economic impact assessment 209Janet Li34 Electronic waste in Guiyu, China 215Juan Du35 Emergency managementcycle and technological hazards 219Jason D. Rivera36 Enbridge Pipeline disaster (USA) 224David T. Wesley37 Enschede fireworks factorydisaster (Netherlands) 228Malte Schönefeld38 Environmental illness 233Maggie Leόn-Corwin39 Environmental justice 237Stephanie A. Malin40 Etiology 247Liesel A. Ritchie and Duane A. Gill41 Existential risk 254Luke Kemp42 Exxon Valdez oil spill (USA) 259Duane A. Gill and Liesel A. Ritchie43 Flint, Michigan water crisis (USA) 271Benjamin J. Pauli44 Fundão dam collapse inMariana, Minas Gerais (Brazil) 277Bernardo Campolina, AndersonT. Cavalcante, Mônica ViegasAndrade, and Kenya V. Noronha45 Gold King Mine spill (USA) 286Rebecca J. Clausen, TeresaMontoya, Janene Yazzie, andKarletta Chief46 Grassy Narrows mercurypoisoning (Canada) 291Erin Boyle47 Green criminology 295Michael A. Long, Paul B.Stretesky, and Michael J. Lynch48 Grief and technological disasters 302Jason S. Ulsperger and J.David Knottnerus49 Groningen gas field (Netherlands) 307Elisabeth N. Moolenaar50 Guadalupe Dunes oil spill,CA (USA) 314Thomas D. Beamish51 Halifax Harbor explosionof 1917 (Canada) 320Ben Roston52 Hazards and disasterresearch methods: anoverview and assessment 323Kathleen Tierney53 Hebei Spirit oil spill (Korea) 332So-Min Cheong54 Hertfordshire Oil StorageTerminal fire (UK) 336Ayse Yildiz, Yung-Fang Chen,and Phil Crook55 Hurricane Harvey asa natech disaster (USA) 340Sara E. Grineski, Aaron B.Flores, and Timothy W. Collins56 Hurricane Katrina as ananthropogenic event (USA) 346DeMond S. Miller and DerronG. Cooney57 Hydraulic fracturing in the UK 357Paul B. Stretesky and Damien Short58 Hydraulic fracturing in the USA 366Anthony E. Ladd59 Impact of event scale 374Duane A. Gill60 Incineration 380Jeremy A. Ross61 Induced seismicity in thesocial sciences 384Yueqi Li, Alex Greer, andHao-Che Wu62 Ixtoc I oil spill (Mexico) 390Kamrul Hassan Suman andMohammad Mahbubur Rahman63 Lac-Mégantic rail disaster(Canada) 394Bruce Campbell64 LC 373-4 Titan missiledisaster (USA) 400Jason S. Ulsperger and KristenUlsperger65 Legler, NJ: a contaminatedcommunity (USA) 403Michael R. Edelstein66 Litigation andcompensation psychosocialoutcomes 406Liesel A. Ritchie67 Livingston, Louisiana trainderailment (USA) 410Duane A. Gill68 Love Canal: a toxic history 414Richard Newman69 Mining hazards in Romania 421Logan Gerber-Chavez70 Mississauga trainderailment (Canada) 426Sydney M. Dyck71 M/V Selendang Ayushipwreck and oil spill (USA) 432Duane A. Gill and Liesel A. Ritchie72 M/V Wakashio shipwreckand oil spill (Mauritius) 438Satyaveer Sharma Gookool andGaya Gookool Padmini73 Natech hazards and disasters 444Ana Maria Cruz and ElisabethKrausmann74 Niger Delta Region oilspills (Nigeria) 452Alphonsus O. Isidiho,Mohammad Shatar Sabran, andNik Ahmad Sufian Burhan75 Normal Accidents:the inevitability oftechnological catastrophe? 460Kenneth Pettersen Gould76 Oil spill accidents in China 467Juan Du77 Ontological security andtechnological hazards and disasters 472Adam M. Straub and Liesel A. Ritchie78 PFAS (per- andpolyfluoroalkyl substances) 479Daniel Renfrew and Thomas W.Pearson79 Picher, OK: a contaminatedcommunity (USA) 484Sarah Hileman80 Piper Alpha oil platformdisaster (UK) 490Alastair M. Hull81 Port of Tianjin explosions (China) 499Wee-Kiat Lim82 Prestige oil spill (Spain) 505Logan Gerber-Chavez83 Primary responsible party 512Liesel A. Ritchie, Erin Boyle,and Victoria Thompson84 Psychosocial stress andimpact assessment: a PFAScase study from Australia 518Iain McLean85 Rana Plaza collapse—Bangladesh: a socialscience perspective 524S. M. Asger Ali and AmenaBegum Ruma86 Recreancy in technologicalhazards and disasters 528Liesel A. Ritchie87 Red Hill fuel storage,Honolulu, Hawai’i (USA) 534Michael R. Edelstein88 Renewable resource community 541Duane A. Gill89 Resilience 546Sahar Derakhshan90 Risk society 552Ole Andreas H. Engen andClaudia Morsut91 Risk transfer insociotechnical systems 559Magdalena Gil92 Secondary trauma 566Iain McLean93 Seveso dioxin disaster (Italy) 569Sara Belligoni94 Sidoarjo mud volcano (Indonesia) 573Erin P. O’Connell95 Social capital andtechnological hazards and disasters 579Liesel A. Ritchie, Makenna K.Clark, Adam M. Straub, andErin Boyle96 Social Vulnerability Index (SoVI) 588Sanam K. Aksha andChristopher T. Emrich97 Social vulnerability totechnological hazards 594Sanam K. Aksha andChristopher T. Emrich98 Societal collapse 601Luke Kemp99 Structural ritualization theory 607Kevin Johnson, J. DavidKnottnerus, and Duane A. Gill100 Superfund: theComprehensiveEnvironmental Response,Compensation, andLiability Act (CERCLA) 612Sarah Hileman101 Superstorm Sandy (USA) 617Nicole Zdrojewski102 Techna hazards and disasters 627Duane A. Gill and Liesel A. Ritchie103 Temporality, capitalism,and climate change 630Raja Swamy104 Tennessee ValleyAuthority Kingston FossilPlant coal ash spill (USA) 641Liesel A. Ritchie and KathrynHamilton105 Theory and research on thesocial production of disasters 645Kathleen Tierney106 Theory of environmentalstigma: outsiders’ justdon’t understand 657Michael R. Edelstein107 Theory of environmentalturbulence andpsychosocial impact:lifescape, lifestyle, and lifestrain 663Michael R. Edelstein108 Three Mile Island nuclearaccident (USA) 671Maggie Leόn-Corwin109 Times Beach, Missouri:dioxin contamination (USA) 680Erin Boyle, Kathryn Hamilton,and Victoria Thompson110 Tōhoku earthquake,tsunami, and FukushimaDaiichi nuclear disaster (Japan) 684Julia Gerster111 Torrey Canyon shipwreckand oil spill (UK,Guernsey, and France) 690Matthew Van112 Toxic images 696Laurence Butet-Roch113 Usinsk oil spill (Russia) 701Maria Sakaeva114 Vajont Dam disaster (Italy) 708Sara Belligoni115 Val di Stava dam disaster (Italy) 711Sara Belligoni116 Winter Storm Uri and theTexas energy failure (USA) 714Kathryn Hamilton117 Worst cases 718Adam M. Straub118 Xe Pian Xe Namnoy dam:catastrophic and slowviolence in southern Laos 724Ian G. Baird

Edited by Duane A. Gill, Research Professor of Sociology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University and Emeritus Regents Professor of Sociology, Oklahoma State University, Liesel A. Ritchie, Professor of Sociology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University and Nnenia M. Campbell, Executive Director, The William Averette Anderson Fund for Hazard and Disaster Mitigation Education and Research, USA

‘Through brief but substantive essays, this remarkable collection of authors reveals the intersection between technologies, economic incentives, and social constraints that generate social risk in novel and unanticipated ways. Building on Ulrich Beck’s seminal insights regarding the impact of technologies on working social and economic practices, the essays, collectively, produce a deeper, more nuanced understanding of the ‘risk society.’’

• ContentsForeword xivIntroduction to Encyclopediaof Technological Hazardsand Disasters in the SocialSciences 1Duane A. Gill1 Aberfan coal slag disaster(Wales, UK) 4Iain McLean2 Alberta oil sands (Canada) 8Sydney M. Dyck3 Alexander L Kielland oilrig disaster (Norway) 14Are Holen4 Amoco Cadiz oil spill (France) 22Tanjum Tushi and MohammadMahbubur Rahman5 Anthropocene 27Susan L. Cutter6 Anthropogenic climate change 34Kandice L. Grossman7 Baseline ResilienceIndicators for Communities(BRIC): theory to practice 41Susan L. Cutter8 Bhopal disaster (India) 46Nikhil Deb9 BP Deepwater Horizon oilspill (USA) 53Michael R. Cope and Tim Slack10 Braer oil spill in theShetland Islands (UK) 60Shahana Akter and MohammadMahbubur Rahman11 Buffalo Creek, WV: damcollapse and flood (USA) 64Duane A. Gill12 Buffalo Creek: reflections 72Kai T. Erikson13 Buffalo Creek: impacts ofEverything in Its Path 77Steve Kroll-Smith14 Camp Fire wildfire,California (USA) 83Mitchell Snyder15 Cancer Alley, Louisiana (USA) 88Martha Sibley16 Cascading risk 93Gianluca Pescaroli and DavidE. Alexander17 Centralia, PA mine firedisaster (USA) 97Steve Kroll-Smith and StephenR. Couch18 Challenger space shuttledisaster (USA) 104Ryan Hagen19 Chemical Valley and theAamjiwnaang First Nation(Canada) 109Laurence Butet-Roch, SarahMarie Wiebe, and Ada Lockridge20 Chernobyl nuclear disaster (USSR) 117Michael R. Edelstein21 Children and technologicaldisasters 128Brandi Gilbert-Johnson andAvelyn R. Heltzel22 Chronic technical disaster 135Stephen R. Couch and SteveKroll-Smith23 Community capitals andtechnological hazards and disasters 143Liesel A. Ritchie and Adam M. Straub24 Concentrated AnimalFeeding Operations 152Adam Driscoll and Bob Edwards25 Conservation of resources theory 159Liesel A. Ritchie and Duane A. Gill26 Contaminated communities 166Michael R. Edelstein27 Corrosive community 173Duane A. Gill and Liesel A. Ritchie28 Dam failures with floods astechna disasters 180Duane A. Gill29 Darvaza gas crater (Turkmenistan) 188Duane A. Gill30 Disaster origins: howperceptions shape publicunderstanding and action 191Ksenia Chmutina and Jason vonMeding31 Ecological modernization 196Md Saidul Islam32 Ecological-symbolic theory 203Steve Kroll‑Smith and StephenR. Couch33 Economic impact assessment 209Janet Li34 Electronic waste in Guiyu, China 215Juan Du35 Emergency managementcycle and technological hazards 219Jason D. Rivera36 Enbridge Pipeline disaster (USA) 224David T. Wesley37 Enschede fireworks factorydisaster (Netherlands) 228Malte Schönefeld38 Environmental illness 233Maggie Leόn-Corwin39 Environmental justice 237Stephanie A. Malin40 Etiology 247Liesel A. Ritchie and Duane A. Gill41 Existential risk 254Luke Kemp42 Exxon Valdez oil spill (USA) 259Duane A. Gill and Liesel A. Ritchie43 Flint, Michigan water crisis (USA) 271Benjamin J. Pauli44 Fundão dam collapse inMariana, Minas Gerais (Brazil) 277Bernardo Campolina, AndersonT. Cavalcante, Mônica ViegasAndrade, and Kenya V. Noronha45 Gold King Mine spill (USA) 286Rebecca J. Clausen, TeresaMontoya, Janene Yazzie, andKarletta Chief46 Grassy Narrows mercurypoisoning (Canada) 291Erin Boyle47 Green criminology 295Michael A. Long, Paul B.Stretesky, and Michael J. Lynch48 Grief and technological disasters 302Jason S. Ulsperger and J.David Knottnerus49 Groningen gas field (Netherlands) 307Elisabeth N. Moolenaar50 Guadalupe Dunes oil spill,CA (USA) 314Thomas D. Beamish51 Halifax Harbor explosionof 1917 (Canada) 320Ben Roston52 Hazards and disasterresearch methods: anoverview and assessment 323Kathleen Tierney53 Hebei Spirit oil spill (Korea) 332So-Min Cheong54 Hertfordshire Oil StorageTerminal fire (UK) 336Ayse Yildiz, Yung-Fang Chen,and Phil Crook55 Hurricane Harvey asa natech disaster (USA) 340Sara E. Grineski, Aaron B.Flores, and Timothy W. Collins56 Hurricane Katrina as ananthropogenic event (USA) 346DeMond S. Miller and DerronG. Cooney57 Hydraulic fracturing in the UK 357Paul B. Stretesky and Damien Short58 Hydraulic fracturing in the USA 366Anthony E. Ladd59 Impact of event scale 374Duane A. Gill60 Incineration 380Jeremy A. Ross61 Induced seismicity in thesocial sciences 384Yueqi Li, Alex Greer, andHao-Che Wu62 Ixtoc I oil spill (Mexico) 390Kamrul Hassan Suman andMohammad Mahbubur Rahman63 Lac-Mégantic rail disaster(Canada) 394Bruce Campbell64 LC 373-4 Titan missiledisaster (USA) 400Jason S. Ulsperger and KristenUlsperger65 Legler, NJ: a contaminatedcommunity (USA) 403Michael R. Edelstein66 Litigation andcompensation psychosocialoutcomes 406Liesel A. Ritchie67 Livingston, Louisiana trainderailment (USA) 410Duane A. Gill68 Love Canal: a toxic history 414Richard Newman69 Mining hazards in Romania 421Logan Gerber-Chavez70 Mississauga trainderailment (Canada) 426Sydney M. Dyck71 M/V Selendang Ayushipwreck and oil spill (USA) 432Duane A. Gill and Liesel A. Ritchie72 M/V Wakashio shipwreckand oil spill (Mauritius) 438Satyaveer Sharma Gookool andGaya Gookool Padmini73 Natech hazards and disasters 444Ana Maria Cruz and ElisabethKrausmann74 Niger Delta Region oilspills (Nigeria) 452Alphonsus O. Isidiho,Mohammad Shatar Sabran, andNik Ahmad Sufian Burhan75 Normal Accidents:the inevitability oftechnological catastrophe? 460Kenneth Pettersen Gould76 Oil spill accidents in China 467Juan Du77 Ontological security andtechnological hazards and disasters 472Adam M. Straub and Liesel A. Ritchie78 PFAS (per- andpolyfluoroalkyl substances) 479Daniel Renfrew and Thomas W.Pearson79 Picher, OK: a contaminatedcommunity (USA) 484Sarah Hileman80 Piper Alpha oil platformdisaster (UK) 490Alastair M. Hull81 Port of Tianjin explosions (China) 499Wee-Kiat Lim82 Prestige oil spill (Spain) 505Logan Gerber-Chavez83 Primary responsible party 512Liesel A. Ritchie, Erin Boyle,and Victoria Thompson84 Psychosocial stress andimpact assessment: a PFAScase study from Australia 518Iain McLean85 Rana Plaza collapse—Bangladesh: a socialscience perspective 524S. M. Asger Ali and AmenaBegum Ruma86 Recreancy in technologicalhazards and disasters 528Liesel A. Ritchie87 Red Hill fuel storage,Honolulu, Hawai’i (USA) 534Michael R. Edelstein88 Renewable resource community 541Duane A. Gill89 Resilience 546Sahar Derakhshan90 Risk society 552Ole Andreas H. Engen andClaudia Morsut91 Risk transfer insociotechnical systems 559Magdalena Gil92 Secondary trauma 566Iain McLean93 Seveso dioxin disaster (Italy) 569Sara Belligoni94 Sidoarjo mud volcano (Indonesia) 573Erin P. O’Connell95 Social capital andtechnological hazards and disasters 579Liesel A. Ritchie, Makenna K.Clark, Adam M. Straub, andErin Boyle96 Social Vulnerability Index (SoVI) 588Sanam K. Aksha andChristopher T. Emrich97 Social vulnerability totechnological hazards 594Sanam K. Aksha andChristopher T. Emrich98 Societal collapse 601Luke Kemp99 Structural ritualization theory 607Kevin Johnson, J. DavidKnottnerus, and Duane A. Gill100 Superfund: theComprehensiveEnvironmental Response,Compensation, andLiability Act (CERCLA) 612Sarah Hileman101 Superstorm Sandy (USA) 617Nicole Zdrojewski102 Techna hazards and disasters 627Duane A. Gill and Liesel A. Ritchie103 Temporality, capitalism,and climate change 630Raja Swamy104 Tennessee ValleyAuthority Kingston FossilPlant coal ash spill (USA) 641Liesel A. Ritchie and KathrynHamilton105 Theory and research on thesocial production of disasters 645Kathleen Tierney106 Theory of environmentalstigma: outsiders’ justdon’t understand 657Michael R. Edelstein107 Theory of environmentalturbulence andpsychosocial impact:lifescape, lifestyle, and lifestrain 663Michael R. Edelstein108 Three Mile Island nuclearaccident (USA) 671Maggie Leόn-Corwin109 Times Beach, Missouri:dioxin contamination (USA) 680Erin Boyle, Kathryn Hamilton,and Victoria Thompson110 Tōhoku earthquake,tsunami, and FukushimaDaiichi nuclear disaster (Japan) 684Julia Gerster111 Torrey Canyon shipwreckand oil spill (UK,Guernsey, and France) 690Matthew Van112 Toxic images 696Laurence Butet-Roch113 Usinsk oil spill (Russia) 701Maria Sakaeva114 Vajont Dam disaster (Italy) 708Sara Belligoni115 Val di Stava dam disaster (Italy) 711Sara Belligoni116 Winter Storm Uri and theTexas energy failure (USA) 714Kathryn Hamilton117 Worst cases 718Adam M. Straub118 Xe Pian Xe Namnoy dam:catastrophic and slowviolence in southern Laos 724Ian G. Baird

Edited by Duane A. Gill, Research Professor of Sociology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University and Emeritus Regents Professor of Sociology, Oklahoma State University, Liesel A. Ritchie, Professor of Sociology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University and Nnenia M. Campbell, Executive Director, The William Averette Anderson Fund for Hazard and Disaster Mitigation Education and Research, USA

‘Through brief but substantive essays, this remarkable collection of authors reveals the intersection between technologies, economic incentives, and social constraints that generate social risk in novel and unanticipated ways. Building on Ulrich Beck’s seminal insights regarding the impact of technologies on working social and economic practices, the essays, collectively, produce a deeper, more nuanced understanding of the ‘risk society.’’

• ContentsForeword xivIntroduction to Encyclopediaof Technological Hazardsand Disasters in the SocialSciences 1Duane A. Gill1 Aberfan coal slag disaster(Wales, UK) 4Iain McLean2 Alberta oil sands (Canada) 8Sydney M. Dyck3 Alexander L Kielland oilrig disaster (Norway) 14Are Holen4 Amoco Cadiz oil spill (France) 22Tanjum Tushi and MohammadMahbubur Rahman5 Anthropocene 27Susan L. Cutter6 Anthropogenic climate change 34Kandice L. Grossman7 Baseline ResilienceIndicators for Communities(BRIC): theory to practice 41Susan L. Cutter8 Bhopal disaster (India) 46Nikhil Deb9 BP Deepwater Horizon oilspill (USA) 53Michael R. Cope and Tim Slack10 Braer oil spill in theShetland Islands (UK) 60Shahana Akter and MohammadMahbubur Rahman11 Buffalo Creek, WV: damcollapse and flood (USA) 64Duane A. Gill12 Buffalo Creek: reflections 72Kai T. Erikson13 Buffalo Creek: impacts ofEverything in Its Path 77Steve Kroll-Smith14 Camp Fire wildfire,California (USA) 83Mitchell Snyder15 Cancer Alley, Louisiana (USA) 88Martha Sibley16 Cascading risk 93Gianluca Pescaroli and DavidE. Alexander17 Centralia, PA mine firedisaster (USA) 97Steve Kroll-Smith and StephenR. Couch18 Challenger space shuttledisaster (USA) 104Ryan Hagen19 Chemical Valley and theAamjiwnaang First Nation(Canada) 109Laurence Butet-Roch, SarahMarie Wiebe, and Ada Lockridge20 Chernobyl nuclear disaster (USSR) 117Michael R. Edelstein21 Children and technologicaldisasters 128Brandi Gilbert-Johnson andAvelyn R. Heltzel22 Chronic technical disaster 135Stephen R. Couch and SteveKroll-Smith23 Community capitals andtechnological hazards and disasters 143Liesel A. Ritchie and Adam M. Straub24 Concentrated AnimalFeeding Operations 152Adam Driscoll and Bob Edwards25 Conservation of resources theory 159Liesel A. Ritchie and Duane A. Gill26 Contaminated communities 166Michael R. Edelstein27 Corrosive community 173Duane A. Gill and Liesel A. Ritchie28 Dam failures with floods astechna disasters 180Duane A. Gill29 Darvaza gas crater (Turkmenistan) 188Duane A. Gill30 Disaster origins: howperceptions shape publicunderstanding and action 191Ksenia Chmutina and Jason vonMeding31 Ecological modernization 196Md Saidul Islam32 Ecological-symbolic theory 203Steve Kroll‑Smith and StephenR. Couch33 Economic impact assessment 209Janet Li34 Electronic waste in Guiyu, China 215Juan Du35 Emergency managementcycle and technological hazards 219Jason D. Rivera36 Enbridge Pipeline disaster (USA) 224David T. Wesley37 Enschede fireworks factorydisaster (Netherlands) 228Malte Schönefeld38 Environmental illness 233Maggie Leόn-Corwin39 Environmental justice 237Stephanie A. Malin40 Etiology 247Liesel A. Ritchie and Duane A. Gill41 Existential risk 254Luke Kemp42 Exxon Valdez oil spill (USA) 259Duane A. Gill and Liesel A. Ritchie43 Flint, Michigan water crisis (USA) 271Benjamin J. Pauli44 Fundão dam collapse inMariana, Minas Gerais (Brazil) 277Bernardo Campolina, AndersonT. Cavalcante, Mônica ViegasAndrade, and Kenya V. Noronha45 Gold King Mine spill (USA) 286Rebecca J. Clausen, TeresaMontoya, Janene Yazzie, andKarletta Chief46 Grassy Narrows mercurypoisoning (Canada) 291Erin Boyle47 Green criminology 295Michael A. Long, Paul B.Stretesky, and Michael J. Lynch48 Grief and technological disasters 302Jason S. Ulsperger and J.David Knottnerus49 Groningen gas field (Netherlands) 307Elisabeth N. Moolenaar50 Guadalupe Dunes oil spill,CA (USA) 314Thomas D. Beamish51 Halifax Harbor explosionof 1917 (Canada) 320Ben Roston52 Hazards and disasterresearch methods: anoverview and assessment 323Kathleen Tierney53 Hebei Spirit oil spill (Korea) 332So-Min Cheong54 Hertfordshire Oil StorageTerminal fire (UK) 336Ayse Yildiz, Yung-Fang Chen,and Phil Crook55 Hurricane Harvey asa natech disaster (USA) 340Sara E. Grineski, Aaron B.Flores, and Timothy W. Collins56 Hurricane Katrina as ananthropogenic event (USA) 346DeMond S. Miller and DerronG. Cooney57 Hydraulic fracturing in the UK 357Paul B. Stretesky and Damien Short58 Hydraulic fracturing in the USA 366Anthony E. Ladd59 Impact of event scale 374Duane A. Gill60 Incineration 380Jeremy A. Ross61 Induced seismicity in thesocial sciences 384Yueqi Li, Alex Greer, andHao-Che Wu62 Ixtoc I oil spill (Mexico) 390Kamrul Hassan Suman andMohammad Mahbubur Rahman63 Lac-Mégantic rail disaster(Canada) 394Bruce Campbell64 LC 373-4 Titan missiledisaster (USA) 400Jason S. Ulsperger and KristenUlsperger65 Legler, NJ: a contaminatedcommunity (USA) 403Michael R. Edelstein66 Litigation andcompensation psychosocialoutcomes 406Liesel A. Ritchie67 Livingston, Louisiana trainderailment (USA) 410Duane A. Gill68 Love Canal: a toxic history 414Richard Newman69 Mining hazards in Romania 421Logan Gerber-Chavez70 Mississauga trainderailment (Canada) 426Sydney M. Dyck71 M/V Selendang Ayushipwreck and oil spill (USA) 432Duane A. Gill and Liesel A. Ritchie72 M/V Wakashio shipwreckand oil spill (Mauritius) 438Satyaveer Sharma Gookool andGaya Gookool Padmini73 Natech hazards and disasters 444Ana Maria Cruz and ElisabethKrausmann74 Niger Delta Region oilspills (Nigeria) 452Alphonsus O. Isidiho,Mohammad Shatar Sabran, andNik Ahmad Sufian Burhan75 Normal Accidents:the inevitability oftechnological catastrophe? 460Kenneth Pettersen Gould76 Oil spill accidents in China 467Juan Du77 Ontological security andtechnological hazards and disasters 472Adam M. Straub and Liesel A. Ritchie78 PFAS (per- andpolyfluoroalkyl substances) 479Daniel Renfrew and Thomas W.Pearson79 Picher, OK: a contaminatedcommunity (USA) 484Sarah Hileman80 Piper Alpha oil platformdisaster (UK) 490Alastair M. Hull81 Port of Tianjin explosions (China) 499Wee-Kiat Lim82 Prestige oil spill (Spain) 505Logan Gerber-Chavez83 Primary responsible party 512Liesel A. Ritchie, Erin Boyle,and Victoria Thompson84 Psychosocial stress andimpact assessment: a PFAScase study from Australia 518Iain McLean85 Rana Plaza collapse—Bangladesh: a socialscience perspective 524S. M. Asger Ali and AmenaBegum Ruma86 Recreancy in technologicalhazards and disasters 528Liesel A. Ritchie87 Red Hill fuel storage,Honolulu, Hawai’i (USA) 534Michael R. Edelstein88 Renewable resource community 541Duane A. Gill89 Resilience 546Sahar Derakhshan90 Risk society 552Ole Andreas H. Engen andClaudia Morsut91 Risk transfer insociotechnical systems 559Magdalena Gil92 Secondary trauma 566Iain McLean93 Seveso dioxin disaster (Italy) 569Sara Belligoni94 Sidoarjo mud volcano (Indonesia) 573Erin P. O’Connell95 Social capital andtechnological hazards and disasters 579Liesel A. Ritchie, Makenna K.Clark, Adam M. Straub, andErin Boyle96 Social Vulnerability Index (SoVI) 588Sanam K. Aksha andChristopher T. Emrich97 Social vulnerability totechnological hazards 594Sanam K. Aksha andChristopher T. Emrich98 Societal collapse 601Luke Kemp99 Structural ritualization theory 607Kevin Johnson, J. DavidKnottnerus, and Duane A. Gill100 Superfund: theComprehensiveEnvironmental Response,Compensation, andLiability Act (CERCLA) 612Sarah Hileman101 Superstorm Sandy (USA) 617Nicole Zdrojewski102 Techna hazards and disasters 627Duane A. Gill and Liesel A. Ritchie103 Temporality, capitalism,and climate change 630Raja Swamy104 Tennessee ValleyAuthority Kingston FossilPlant coal ash spill (USA) 641Liesel A. Ritchie and KathrynHamilton105 Theory and research on thesocial production of disasters 645Kathleen Tierney106 Theory of environmentalstigma: outsiders’ justdon’t understand 657Michael R. Edelstein107 Theory of environmentalturbulence andpsychosocial impact:lifescape, lifestyle, and lifestrain 663Michael R. Edelstein108 Three Mile Island nuclearaccident (USA) 671Maggie Leόn-Corwin109 Times Beach, Missouri:dioxin contamination (USA) 680Erin Boyle, Kathryn Hamilton,and Victoria Thompson110 Tōhoku earthquake,tsunami, and FukushimaDaiichi nuclear disaster (Japan) 684Julia Gerster111 Torrey Canyon shipwreckand oil spill (UK,Guernsey, and France) 690Matthew Van112 Toxic images 696Laurence Butet-Roch113 Usinsk oil spill (Russia) 701Maria Sakaeva114 Vajont Dam disaster (Italy) 708Sara Belligoni115 Val di Stava dam disaster (Italy) 711Sara Belligoni116 Winter Storm Uri and theTexas energy failure (USA) 714Kathryn Hamilton117 Worst cases 718Adam M. Straub118 Xe Pian Xe Namnoy dam:catastrophic and slowviolence in southern Laos 724Ian G. Baird