Edited by Harry Arne Solberg, Professor of Sports Economics, NTNU Business School, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, Rasmus K. Storm, Head of Research, Danish Institute for Sports Studies, Denmark and Adjunct Associate Professor, NTNU Business School, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway and Kamilla Swart, Associate Professor and Program Director of the Masters in Sport and Entertainment Management, Division of Engineering Management and Decision Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar

‘The Research Handbook on Major Sporting Events provides a current and broad international perspective on major sporting events. This informative Research Handbook includes contributions from researchers in a variety of disciplines from over 20 countries. In this ever-changing environment, it is a practical resource of new and relevant ideas for sport management scholars and students, sport industry practitioners, and sport enthusiasts.’

• Contents:Introduction to the Research Handbook on Major Sporting Events 1 PART I THE BIDDING AND AWARDING PROCESS 1 Are major sporting events relocated from developed to emerging economies? 18 Wladimir Andreff 2 (Successful) bidding for mega-events: the case of the Olympics 34 Elias B. Leppert and Wolfgang Maennig 3 The urban future of the Winter Olympics 45 Jean-Loup Chappelet 4 The geopolitical economy of major sporting events – where business and management meets politics and geography 60 Nicholas Burton, Simon Chadwick, Paul Widdop and Alex Bond 5 Examining outcomes of sport mega-event bidding for national sports development – the case of Turkey’s bidding for the UEFA EURO 2024 74 Cem Tinaz and Tim Ströbel 6 How big is home advantage at the Olympic Games? 88 Carl Singleton, J. James Reade, Johan Rewilak and Dominik Schreyer 7 Support for major sport event bidding in New Zealand 104 Mel Johnston and Geoff Dickson 8 Auckland’s Auld Mug: the leveraging of major sports event tourism legacies 114 Richard Keith Wright and Chris Barron PART II PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT (CHALLENGES) STAKEHOLDERS 9 Stakeholders in major sport events 135 Ryutaro Yamakita, Jordan T. Bakhsh and Milena M. Parent 10 Viewing a local organizing committee of a mega sporting event through the lens of an organization: analyzing performance in the context of organizational structure, design, and leadership 150Rauf Mammadov11 The diversity of international sports ecosystems and strategic and economic event models of international sports federations 166Emmanuel Bayle and Josephine Clausen12 Entrepreneurs and commercial ownership of sport events – the business development of Formula One 179Harald Dolles and Karthik Raghunathan13 Infront: a co-stakeowner of major sport events? 195Therese Dille and Elsa Kristiansen14 Sport sponsorship in the logic of value co-creation 207Jan Schönberner, Stefan Walzel and Herbert Woratschek15 Mega-event sports sponsorship in the United States 228Kelly Evans and Stephen L. Shapiro16 Understanding TV audiences for sports events 243Daam Van Reeth17 Mega sports event TV demand: synthesis and outlook 258Payam Ansari and Dominik Schreyer18 African continental sporting events and television: a difficult relationship to build 271Gerard A. Akindes and Wadih Ishac19 King of the flying hill: TV broadcasts of ski jumping events in Planica, Slovenia 285Simon Ličen and Mateja Mir20 Commonwealth Games – legacies and futures 300Michael LinleyVOLUNTEERS21 Volunteers at mega and major events – a review 317Berit Skirstad and Elsa Kristiansen22 The role of volunteers at major events – creating a sustainable legacy of engagement and future opportunity 332Joe Milner and Nicola McCulloughFINANCIAL, ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL CHALLENGES23 Packing and unpacking management control in major sport events 347Per Ståle Knardal24 Sporting infrastructure and urban environmental planning 362Timothy Kellison25 Environmental impacts of major sport events 373Pamela Wicker and Tim F. Thormann26 Sport at the climate crossroads: champions for climate or green-sportwashing? 386Ricardo Simmonds and Roger Pielke Jr.27 Mega-events and triple-baseline (un)sustainability 399Sven Daniel Wolfe, David Gogishvili and Martin Müller28 Event hosting at Vikersund Ski Jumping Center: stakeholder management and social sustainability 415Elsa Kristiansen, Lasse Sonne and Therese Dille29 Co-hosting major sporting events – an emerging trend 426Stefan Walzel and Becca LeopkeyMARKETING AND PROMOTION STRATEGIES30 Major sport events and nation branding 440Brendon Knott31 An overview and analysis of sports mega-events as part of state soft power strategies 449Jonathan Grix, Tom Bason, Louis Grix and Joonoh Brian Jeong32 The international perception of major sport events: image, power and prestige? 461Jan Haut33 Sport nationalism in China: the origin, development trajectory, and trends after the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympic Games 472Jiaxuan Peng, Yi Zhang and Shintaro Sato34 National pride effects of major sporting events 485Michael Mutz and Markus Gerke35 Why Qatar’s hosting of the 2022 FIFA World Cup matters 498Youcef Bouandel and Mahfoud Amara36 The FIFA 2022 Men’s World Cup: Transformations in Qatar 508Umer Hussain and George B. Cunningham37 Legal issues for mega sport events in the Middle East 521Zachary R. Calo38 Understanding tennis spectators’ behavior and the role of social media – cases from Qatar 529Dalia A. Farrag, Othman Althawadi and Yara Zeyad Ali39 Promoting major sport events in the Western Cape, South Africa 541Kamilla Swart and Lyndon Bouah40 Strategic impacts of non-mega-events on destination brands: a case study of the Cape Town Cycle Tour in Cape Town, South Africa 550Janice HemmonsbeyRISK MANAGEMENT AND IRREGULARITIES41 Large sporting events and public health and safety 563J. James Reade42 New era, new normal, new challenges: managing crises and disasters at major and mega sports events 579Richard Shipway43 Corruption in connection to major sport events 591Joerg Koenigstorfer44 Crime related to major sporting events 607Ryan Bagwell, Wanda E. Leal and Alex R. Piquero45 Doping and mega-events: the paradox of doping as a problem and a solution 618Jan Ove Tangen, Bjørn Barland and Bieke Gils46 Doping in elite sports: the athletes’ perspective 635Kjetil Haugen and Harry Arne SolbergPART III IMPACT AND MEASUREMENTS47 Economic impact analysis versus social cost-benefit analysis: the case of a large city running event 648Michiel de Nooij and Peter Horsselenberg48 The economics of the World Cup 663Victor A. Matheson49 Communities affected by the 2014 football World Cup in Porto Alegre, Brazil: local consequences of global events 678Billy Graeff50 The Olympic economy on the edge: can the Olympic Games survive its current financial model? 693Andrew Zimbalist, Harry Arne Solberg and Rasmus K. Storm51 Economic impacts of sub-mega sports events: a case study of the Ryder Cup 709Girish Ramchandani, Richard Coleman and Chris Gratton52 Participation legacy and international sport events hosted in Australia 724Stephen Frawley and David Bond53 A socioecological framework for leveraging sport events for youth sport 740Georgia Teare and Marijke Taks54 Mass participation effects of major sporting events: establishing a research frontier 758Rasmus K. Storm and Jon Martin Denstadli55 Legacy of sliding sports facilities 1924–2026 776Hannah Campbell-Pegg, Holger Preuss and Maike Weitzmann56 The importance of measuring the perceptions of local residents – two major international sporting events in Hungary 801Tünde Máté, Attila Kajos and Zsolt HavranIndex 816

Edited by Harry Arne Solberg, Professor of Sports Economics, NTNU Business School, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, Rasmus K. Storm, Head of Research, Danish Institute for Sports Studies, Denmark and Adjunct Associate Professor, NTNU Business School, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway and Kamilla Swart, Associate Professor and Program Director of the Masters in Sport and Entertainment Management, Division of Engineering Management and Decision Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar

‘The Research Handbook on Major Sporting Events provides a current and broad international perspective on major sporting events. This informative Research Handbook includes contributions from researchers in a variety of disciplines from over 20 countries. In this ever-changing environment, it is a practical resource of new and relevant ideas for sport management scholars and students, sport industry practitioners, and sport enthusiasts.’

• Contents:Introduction to the Research Handbook on Major Sporting Events 1 PART I THE BIDDING AND AWARDING PROCESS 1 Are major sporting events relocated from developed to emerging economies? 18 Wladimir Andreff 2 (Successful) bidding for mega-events: the case of the Olympics 34 Elias B. Leppert and Wolfgang Maennig 3 The urban future of the Winter Olympics 45 Jean-Loup Chappelet 4 The geopolitical economy of major sporting events – where business and management meets politics and geography 60 Nicholas Burton, Simon Chadwick, Paul Widdop and Alex Bond 5 Examining outcomes of sport mega-event bidding for national sports development – the case of Turkey’s bidding for the UEFA EURO 2024 74 Cem Tinaz and Tim Ströbel 6 How big is home advantage at the Olympic Games? 88 Carl Singleton, J. James Reade, Johan Rewilak and Dominik Schreyer 7 Support for major sport event bidding in New Zealand 104 Mel Johnston and Geoff Dickson 8 Auckland’s Auld Mug: the leveraging of major sports event tourism legacies 114 Richard Keith Wright and Chris Barron PART II PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT (CHALLENGES) STAKEHOLDERS 9 Stakeholders in major sport events 135 Ryutaro Yamakita, Jordan T. Bakhsh and Milena M. Parent 10 Viewing a local organizing committee of a mega sporting event through the lens of an organization: analyzing performance in the context of organizational structure, design, and leadership 150Rauf Mammadov11 The diversity of international sports ecosystems and strategic and economic event models of international sports federations 166Emmanuel Bayle and Josephine Clausen12 Entrepreneurs and commercial ownership of sport events – the business development of Formula One 179Harald Dolles and Karthik Raghunathan13 Infront: a co-stakeowner of major sport events? 195Therese Dille and Elsa Kristiansen14 Sport sponsorship in the logic of value co-creation 207Jan Schönberner, Stefan Walzel and Herbert Woratschek15 Mega-event sports sponsorship in the United States 228Kelly Evans and Stephen L. Shapiro16 Understanding TV audiences for sports events 243Daam Van Reeth17 Mega sports event TV demand: synthesis and outlook 258Payam Ansari and Dominik Schreyer18 African continental sporting events and television: a difficult relationship to build 271Gerard A. Akindes and Wadih Ishac19 King of the flying hill: TV broadcasts of ski jumping events in Planica, Slovenia 285Simon Ličen and Mateja Mir20 Commonwealth Games – legacies and futures 300Michael LinleyVOLUNTEERS21 Volunteers at mega and major events – a review 317Berit Skirstad and Elsa Kristiansen22 The role of volunteers at major events – creating a sustainable legacy of engagement and future opportunity 332Joe Milner and Nicola McCulloughFINANCIAL, ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL CHALLENGES23 Packing and unpacking management control in major sport events 347Per Ståle Knardal24 Sporting infrastructure and urban environmental planning 362Timothy Kellison25 Environmental impacts of major sport events 373Pamela Wicker and Tim F. Thormann26 Sport at the climate crossroads: champions for climate or green-sportwashing? 386Ricardo Simmonds and Roger Pielke Jr.27 Mega-events and triple-baseline (un)sustainability 399Sven Daniel Wolfe, David Gogishvili and Martin Müller28 Event hosting at Vikersund Ski Jumping Center: stakeholder management and social sustainability 415Elsa Kristiansen, Lasse Sonne and Therese Dille29 Co-hosting major sporting events – an emerging trend 426Stefan Walzel and Becca LeopkeyMARKETING AND PROMOTION STRATEGIES30 Major sport events and nation branding 440Brendon Knott31 An overview and analysis of sports mega-events as part of state soft power strategies 449Jonathan Grix, Tom Bason, Louis Grix and Joonoh Brian Jeong32 The international perception of major sport events: image, power and prestige? 461Jan Haut33 Sport nationalism in China: the origin, development trajectory, and trends after the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympic Games 472Jiaxuan Peng, Yi Zhang and Shintaro Sato34 National pride effects of major sporting events 485Michael Mutz and Markus Gerke35 Why Qatar’s hosting of the 2022 FIFA World Cup matters 498Youcef Bouandel and Mahfoud Amara36 The FIFA 2022 Men’s World Cup: Transformations in Qatar 508Umer Hussain and George B. Cunningham37 Legal issues for mega sport events in the Middle East 521Zachary R. Calo38 Understanding tennis spectators’ behavior and the role of social media – cases from Qatar 529Dalia A. Farrag, Othman Althawadi and Yara Zeyad Ali39 Promoting major sport events in the Western Cape, South Africa 541Kamilla Swart and Lyndon Bouah40 Strategic impacts of non-mega-events on destination brands: a case study of the Cape Town Cycle Tour in Cape Town, South Africa 550Janice HemmonsbeyRISK MANAGEMENT AND IRREGULARITIES41 Large sporting events and public health and safety 563J. James Reade42 New era, new normal, new challenges: managing crises and disasters at major and mega sports events 579Richard Shipway43 Corruption in connection to major sport events 591Joerg Koenigstorfer44 Crime related to major sporting events 607Ryan Bagwell, Wanda E. Leal and Alex R. Piquero45 Doping and mega-events: the paradox of doping as a problem and a solution 618Jan Ove Tangen, Bjørn Barland and Bieke Gils46 Doping in elite sports: the athletes’ perspective 635Kjetil Haugen and Harry Arne SolbergPART III IMPACT AND MEASUREMENTS47 Economic impact analysis versus social cost-benefit analysis: the case of a large city running event 648Michiel de Nooij and Peter Horsselenberg48 The economics of the World Cup 663Victor A. Matheson49 Communities affected by the 2014 football World Cup in Porto Alegre, Brazil: local consequences of global events 678Billy Graeff50 The Olympic economy on the edge: can the Olympic Games survive its current financial model? 693Andrew Zimbalist, Harry Arne Solberg and Rasmus K. Storm51 Economic impacts of sub-mega sports events: a case study of the Ryder Cup 709Girish Ramchandani, Richard Coleman and Chris Gratton52 Participation legacy and international sport events hosted in Australia 724Stephen Frawley and David Bond53 A socioecological framework for leveraging sport events for youth sport 740Georgia Teare and Marijke Taks54 Mass participation effects of major sporting events: establishing a research frontier 758Rasmus K. Storm and Jon Martin Denstadli55 Legacy of sliding sports facilities 1924–2026 776Hannah Campbell-Pegg, Holger Preuss and Maike Weitzmann56 The importance of measuring the perceptions of local residents – two major international sporting events in Hungary 801Tünde Máté, Attila Kajos and Zsolt HavranIndex 816

Edited by Harry Arne Solberg, Professor of Sports Economics, NTNU Business School, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, Rasmus K. Storm, Head of Research, Danish Institute for Sports Studies, Denmark and Adjunct Associate Professor, NTNU Business School, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway and Kamilla Swart, Associate Professor and Program Director of the Masters in Sport and Entertainment Management, Division of Engineering Management and Decision Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar

‘The Research Handbook on Major Sporting Events provides a current and broad international perspective on major sporting events. This informative Research Handbook includes contributions from researchers in a variety of disciplines from over 20 countries. In this ever-changing environment, it is a practical resource of new and relevant ideas for sport management scholars and students, sport industry practitioners, and sport enthusiasts.’

• Contents:Introduction to the Research Handbook on Major Sporting Events 1 PART I THE BIDDING AND AWARDING PROCESS 1 Are major sporting events relocated from developed to emerging economies? 18 Wladimir Andreff 2 (Successful) bidding for mega-events: the case of the Olympics 34 Elias B. Leppert and Wolfgang Maennig 3 The urban future of the Winter Olympics 45 Jean-Loup Chappelet 4 The geopolitical economy of major sporting events – where business and management meets politics and geography 60 Nicholas Burton, Simon Chadwick, Paul Widdop and Alex Bond 5 Examining outcomes of sport mega-event bidding for national sports development – the case of Turkey’s bidding for the UEFA EURO 2024 74 Cem Tinaz and Tim Ströbel 6 How big is home advantage at the Olympic Games? 88 Carl Singleton, J. James Reade, Johan Rewilak and Dominik Schreyer 7 Support for major sport event bidding in New Zealand 104 Mel Johnston and Geoff Dickson 8 Auckland’s Auld Mug: the leveraging of major sports event tourism legacies 114 Richard Keith Wright and Chris Barron PART II PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT (CHALLENGES) STAKEHOLDERS 9 Stakeholders in major sport events 135 Ryutaro Yamakita, Jordan T. Bakhsh and Milena M. Parent 10 Viewing a local organizing committee of a mega sporting event through the lens of an organization: analyzing performance in the context of organizational structure, design, and leadership 150Rauf Mammadov11 The diversity of international sports ecosystems and strategic and economic event models of international sports federations 166Emmanuel Bayle and Josephine Clausen12 Entrepreneurs and commercial ownership of sport events – the business development of Formula One 179Harald Dolles and Karthik Raghunathan13 Infront: a co-stakeowner of major sport events? 195Therese Dille and Elsa Kristiansen14 Sport sponsorship in the logic of value co-creation 207Jan Schönberner, Stefan Walzel and Herbert Woratschek15 Mega-event sports sponsorship in the United States 228Kelly Evans and Stephen L. Shapiro16 Understanding TV audiences for sports events 243Daam Van Reeth17 Mega sports event TV demand: synthesis and outlook 258Payam Ansari and Dominik Schreyer18 African continental sporting events and television: a difficult relationship to build 271Gerard A. Akindes and Wadih Ishac19 King of the flying hill: TV broadcasts of ski jumping events in Planica, Slovenia 285Simon Ličen and Mateja Mir20 Commonwealth Games – legacies and futures 300Michael LinleyVOLUNTEERS21 Volunteers at mega and major events – a review 317Berit Skirstad and Elsa Kristiansen22 The role of volunteers at major events – creating a sustainable legacy of engagement and future opportunity 332Joe Milner and Nicola McCulloughFINANCIAL, ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL CHALLENGES23 Packing and unpacking management control in major sport events 347Per Ståle Knardal24 Sporting infrastructure and urban environmental planning 362Timothy Kellison25 Environmental impacts of major sport events 373Pamela Wicker and Tim F. Thormann26 Sport at the climate crossroads: champions for climate or green-sportwashing? 386Ricardo Simmonds and Roger Pielke Jr.27 Mega-events and triple-baseline (un)sustainability 399Sven Daniel Wolfe, David Gogishvili and Martin Müller28 Event hosting at Vikersund Ski Jumping Center: stakeholder management and social sustainability 415Elsa Kristiansen, Lasse Sonne and Therese Dille29 Co-hosting major sporting events – an emerging trend 426Stefan Walzel and Becca LeopkeyMARKETING AND PROMOTION STRATEGIES30 Major sport events and nation branding 440Brendon Knott31 An overview and analysis of sports mega-events as part of state soft power strategies 449Jonathan Grix, Tom Bason, Louis Grix and Joonoh Brian Jeong32 The international perception of major sport events: image, power and prestige? 461Jan Haut33 Sport nationalism in China: the origin, development trajectory, and trends after the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympic Games 472Jiaxuan Peng, Yi Zhang and Shintaro Sato34 National pride effects of major sporting events 485Michael Mutz and Markus Gerke35 Why Qatar’s hosting of the 2022 FIFA World Cup matters 498Youcef Bouandel and Mahfoud Amara36 The FIFA 2022 Men’s World Cup: Transformations in Qatar 508Umer Hussain and George B. Cunningham37 Legal issues for mega sport events in the Middle East 521Zachary R. Calo38 Understanding tennis spectators’ behavior and the role of social media – cases from Qatar 529Dalia A. Farrag, Othman Althawadi and Yara Zeyad Ali39 Promoting major sport events in the Western Cape, South Africa 541Kamilla Swart and Lyndon Bouah40 Strategic impacts of non-mega-events on destination brands: a case study of the Cape Town Cycle Tour in Cape Town, South Africa 550Janice HemmonsbeyRISK MANAGEMENT AND IRREGULARITIES41 Large sporting events and public health and safety 563J. James Reade42 New era, new normal, new challenges: managing crises and disasters at major and mega sports events 579Richard Shipway43 Corruption in connection to major sport events 591Joerg Koenigstorfer44 Crime related to major sporting events 607Ryan Bagwell, Wanda E. Leal and Alex R. Piquero45 Doping and mega-events: the paradox of doping as a problem and a solution 618Jan Ove Tangen, Bjørn Barland and Bieke Gils46 Doping in elite sports: the athletes’ perspective 635Kjetil Haugen and Harry Arne SolbergPART III IMPACT AND MEASUREMENTS47 Economic impact analysis versus social cost-benefit analysis: the case of a large city running event 648Michiel de Nooij and Peter Horsselenberg48 The economics of the World Cup 663Victor A. Matheson49 Communities affected by the 2014 football World Cup in Porto Alegre, Brazil: local consequences of global events 678Billy Graeff50 The Olympic economy on the edge: can the Olympic Games survive its current financial model? 693Andrew Zimbalist, Harry Arne Solberg and Rasmus K. Storm51 Economic impacts of sub-mega sports events: a case study of the Ryder Cup 709Girish Ramchandani, Richard Coleman and Chris Gratton52 Participation legacy and international sport events hosted in Australia 724Stephen Frawley and David Bond53 A socioecological framework for leveraging sport events for youth sport 740Georgia Teare and Marijke Taks54 Mass participation effects of major sporting events: establishing a research frontier 758Rasmus K. Storm and Jon Martin Denstadli55 Legacy of sliding sports facilities 1924–2026 776Hannah Campbell-Pegg, Holger Preuss and Maike Weitzmann56 The importance of measuring the perceptions of local residents – two major international sporting events in Hungary 801Tünde Máté, Attila Kajos and Zsolt HavranIndex 816