Research Handbook on Cyberwarfare

Edited by Tim Stevens, Reader in International Security and Joe Devanny, Lecturer in National Security Studies, Department of War Studies, King’s College London, UK

‘Editors Stevens and Devanny warn that “cyberwarfare” is a powerful yet misunderstood force shaping persistent international competition. This valuable collection by seasoned practitioners, academics and cyber security journalists challenges us to think differently about the actors conducting such operations, their strategies and objectives, and the legal and ethical implications of this form of modern military-intelligence statecraft.’

• Contents1 Introduction to the Research Handbook on Cyberwarfare 1Tim Stevens and Joe DevannyPART I CONCEPTUALIZING AND INVESTIGATING CYBERWARFARE2 War by any other name: a short history of the idea of cyberwarfare inthe United States 15Sean Lawson3 Conceptualizing cyberwarfare 34Stéphane Taillat4 Cyberwarfare research methods 52Miguel Albert Gomez, Grace B. Mueller, Ryan Shandler, Brandon Valeriano andChristopher Whyte5 Reporting on cyberwarfare: a conversation 67Alexander Martin, Joe Tidy, Kim Zetter, Joe Devanny and Tim StevensPART II CYBERWARFARE ACTORS AND INSTITUTIONS6 Military cybercapacity: measures, drivers and effects 80Nadiya Kostyuk and Evgenia Sidorova7 Cyber intelligence: method or target? 98Aaron Brantly8 The meaning of cyberwarfare in Brazil 115Luiz Rogério Franco Goldoni, Karina Furtado Rodrigues, Breno PauliMedeiros and Joe Devanny9 Cyber proxies: covert state–non-state interactions in cyberwarfare 131Janine Schmoldt10 Private authority and the political economy of private companies incybersecurity crises and conflicts 148Louise Marie Hurel11 Civil society in cyberwarfare: hack-and-leaks, attribution and mobilization 167James ShiresPART III CYBERWARFARE OPERATIONS AND STRATEGY12 Offensive cyber capabilities 184J.D. Work13 Do we need an effects-based approach for cyber operations? 205Paul Withers14 Deception in cyberwarfare 223Simon Henderson15 Cyber coercion as a tool of statecraft: how often, how effective? 247Quentin E. Hodgson16 Understanding cyber escalation: amplifiers and dampeners of conflict 261Jason Healey and Virpratap Vikram Singh17 Countering non-state actors in cyberspace 280Jamie MacColl and Tim Stevens18 Territory, sovereignty and boundaries in digital battlespace 301Jordan BranchPART IV CYBERWARFARE GOVERNANCE19 Cyberwarfare and international law 317Russell Buchan and Nicholas Tsagourias20 Cyber arms control and counter proliferation: the limits of the possible 335Joe Devanny and Grant Christopher21 Moral maze: ethics for cyber weapon systems 352Elke Schwarz22 Cyberwarfare norms and the attribution imperative: shaping responsiblestate behaviour in cyberspace 371Gil Baram and Noya Peer23 Postscript: Reflections and future directions for research and practice oncyber in competition, crisis and armed conflict 390Emily O. Goldman