Applied Metrology for Manufacturing Engineering

Ammar Grous, CEGEP de l'Outaouais, Quebec, Canada.

• Chapter 1. Fundamentals of Error Analysis and their Uncertainties in Dimensional Metrology Applied to Science and Technology 11.1. Introduction to uncertainties in dimensional metrology 11.2. Definition of standards 41.3. Definition of errors and uncertainties in dimensional metrology 91.4. Errors and their impact on the calculation of uncertainties 151.5. Applications based on errors in dimensional metrology 351.6. Correction of possible measurement errors 421.7. Estimation of uncertainties of measurement errors in metrology 481.8. Approaches for determining type A and B uncertainties according to the GUM 531.9. Principle of uncertainty calculation: types A and B 691.10. Summary 821.11. Bibliography 83Chapter 2. Fundamentals of Dimensional and Geometrical Tolerances According to ISO, CSA (Canada), and ANSI (USA) 852.1. Introduction to geometrical products specification 852.2. Dimensional tolerances and adjustments 892.3. International vocabulary of metrology 972.4. GPS standard covering ISO/TR14638-1995 1032.5. Conicity according to ISO 3040-1990 1362.6. Linear dimensional tolerances 1392.7. Positioning a group of elements 1432.8. GPS standards according to the report CR ISO/TR14638 of 1996 1452.9. Rational dimensioning for a controlled metrology: indices of capability and performance indices statistical process specification 1472.10. Summary and discussion 1592.11. Bibliography 161Chapter 3. Measurement and Controls Using Linear and Angular Standards 1633.1. Key dimensional metrology standards 1633.2. Meter, time, and mass 1683.3. Deformations and mechanical causes of errors 1703.4. Marble, V-blocks, gauge blocks, and dial gauges 1803.5. Dial gauge 1853.6. Example of a laboratory model 1993.7. Precision height 2003.8. The universal protractor vernier 2053.9. Vernier calipers 2113.10. Micrometer or Palmer 2163.11. Summary 2343.12. Bibliography 235Chapter 4. Surface Control 2374.1. Control and measurement of angles 2374.2. Surfaces of revolution 2414.2. Metric thread (M) measurement on gauge 2584.4. Controls of cones on machine-tools 2614.5. Control of flat surfaces 2644.6. Control of cylindrical surfaces (of revolution) 2704.7. Control of surfaces of revolution with spherical forms 2814.8. Control of the relative positions of surfaces 2904.9. Methods of dimensional measurement 2944.10. Bibliography 308Chapter 5. Opto-Mechanical Metrology 3095.1. Introduction to measurement by optical methods 3095.2. Principle of interferential metrology (example: prism spectroscope) 3225.3. Flatness measurement by optical planes 3255.4. Principle of interferoscope 3265.5. Control of parallelism (case of parallel gauge-blocks) 3305.6. Conclusion 3395.7. Bibliography 340Chapter 6. Control of Surface States 3416.1. Introduction to surface states control for solid materials 3416.2. Instruments for measuring surface state 3486.3. Symbols used in engineering drawings to describe the appropriate surface state according to ANSI/ASME Y14. 36M-1996 3496.4. Presentation of Mitutoyo Surftest 211 3626.5. The main normalized parameters of surface states used in the industry, their formulas and definitions 3706.6. Example on the control of the roughness of a plate grade 60613836.7. Calculations of the overall uncertainty in the GUM method compared to the Monte Carlo method using the software GUMic 3916.8. Summary 3926.9. Bibliography 393Chapter 7. Computer-Aided Metrology-CAM 3957.1. Coordinate-measuring machine (CMM) 3957.2. Commonly-used geometric models in dimensional metrology 3997.3. Nominal geometric elements 4117.4. Description of styli and types of probing 4157.5. Software and computers supporting the CMM 4207.6. Starting a B504B-Mitutoyo CMM 4237.7. Measurements on CMM using the Cosmos software 4277.8. Examples of applications using CMM 4437.9. Chapter summary and future extensions of CMMs 4507.10. Bibliography 452Chapter 8. Control of Assembly and Transmission Elements 4538.1. Introduction to the control of components for temporary assembly and elements for power transmission: threads, gears, and splines 4538.2. Helical surface for screw threads 4598.3. The main threads in the industry 4618.4. Principles of threads control 4788.5. Screws resistance and quality classes 4878.6. Control of screw thread by mechanical and optical comparison 4918.7. Introduction to gear control 4948.8. Introduction to spline control 5188.9. Summary 5298.10. Bibliography 530Chapter 9. Control of Materials Hardness Testing 5319.1. Introduction to non-destructive testing 5319.2. Principle and description of the Rockwell hardness 5379.3. Brinell hardness test 5459.4. Principle of the Vickers hardness test 5509.5. Knoop hardness (HK) 5539.6. Barcol hardness 5559.7. Rebound hardness test by Shore test (scleroscope) 5569.8. Mohs hardness for minerals 5589.9. IRHD rubber hardness tester 5609.10. Comparison of the three main hardness tests and a practical approach for hardness testing: Brinell HB, Rockwell HR, and Vickers HV 5629.11. Main mechanical properties of solid materials 5649.12. Mechanical tests on plastic materials 5759.13. Fatigue failure and dimensional metrology for the control of the dimensioning of materials assembled by welding 5789.14. Summary 5839.15. Bibliography 587Chapter 10. Overall Summary 589Glossary 595Lexicon of terms frequently used in metrology 595Warning 596Bibliography 613Appendix 1 615Appendix 2 631Appendix 3 637Appendix 4 641Appendix 5 645Appendix 6 665Index 673