Nada Matta is Professor at the University of Technology of Troyes in France. Her work focuses on techniques in knowledge engineering and management, in particular how to handle cooperative activities. She has been head of "Scientific group of supervision, and security of complex systems" for 5 years, head of the department of "Human, Environment and ICT" for 1 year, and head of department of "Information Systems and Telecom" for 2 years.Hassan Atifi is Associate Professor in Communication Studies at the University of Technology of Troyes in France. His research interests include Ethnography of Computer-Mediated Communication, Cultural Variation in CMC, Technology and Emerging Media and Communication and Knowledge Engineering.Guillaume Ducellier is a Researcher and Teacher at the University of Technology of Troyes in France. He is responsible for the training of Engineers in Mechanical Systems and performs his research within the Laboratoire de Systèmes Mécaniques et d'Ingénierie Simultanée (LASMIS).

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• Preface xiNada MATTA 1Chapter 1 Daily Knowledge 1Nada Matta1.1. Knowledge 11.2. Daily knowledge 51.3. Individual versus collaborative knowledge 71.3.1. Difference in the nature of captured knowledge 71.3.2. Difference in the dimension to be considered 81.3.3. Difference in capturing of knowledge 91.4. Challenge to manage daily knowledge 101.5. Conclusions 151.6. Bibliography 16Chapter 2 Traceability 21Nada MATTA and Fatima BERRICHE2.1. Traces 212.2. Profiling approaches 232.2.1. Experience-based reasoning 252.2.2. Example: profiling in crisis management 262.3. Traceability of information 282.4. Traceability of knowledge 302.5. Conclusions 322.6. Bibliography 33Chapter 3 Traceability and Structuring of Decision-making 35Nada MATTA and Guillaume DUCELLIER3.1. Decision-making 353.2. Cooperative decision-making 373.2.1. Design rationale 383.2.2. Representation of the dynamics of problem-solving 413.3. Conflict management 453.3.1. Prevention methods 453.3.2. Argumentation methods 463.3.3. Negotiation methods 473.4. Conflict types 473.5. Traceability of design rationale 493.5.1. Memory meetings 493.5.2. Project memory building 553.6. Integrating traceability in PLM tools 573.6.1. Windchill and project management 593.6.2. The organizations of elements in Windchill 623.6.3. Project memory within Windchill 643.7. Conclusion 673.8. Bibliography 68Chapter 4 Classifications and Aggregation of Traces 73Xinghang DAI, Nada MATTA and Guillaume DUCELLIER4.1. Classification 734.1.1. Heuristic classification 744.1.2. Knowledge discovery 764.1.3. Hierarchical classification 784.2. Cooperative knowledge aggregation 804.2.1. Cooperative knowledge ontology 814.2.2. Graphs representing relations between concepts in project memory 844.3. CKD classification algorithms 874.4. Conclusions 904.5. Bibliography 91Chapter 5 Exapmple of Traceability and Classifications of Decision-making  95Xinghang DAI, Nada MATTA, Guillaume DUCELLIER, Tatiana REYES5.1. Example of software design projects 955.1.1. Problem-solving knowledge 965.1.2. Management knowledge 1005.1.3. Example analysis 1055.2. Example of PLM system design 1065.2.1. Problem-solving knowledge 1075.2.2. Management knowledge 1115.2.3. Example analysis 1145.3. Example of ecodesign projects 1155.3.1. Problem-solving knowledge 1165.3.2. Management knowledge 1195.3.3. Example analysis 1205.4. Conclusion 1205.5. Bibliography 122Chapter 6 Communication, CMC and Email: A Brief Survey 123Hassan ATIFI6.1. Introduction 1236.2. What is communication? 1246.2.1. Traditional view of communication 1246.2.2. Interactional view of communication 1256.3. The pragmatics of interactions 1286.3.1. Ethnography of communication 1296.3.2. Interaction analysis 1306.4. Pragmatics and speech acts 1316.4.1. J.L. Austin 1316.4.2. J.R. Searle 1326.5. Computer-mediated communication 1336.5.1. CMC, interaction and emotion 1346.5.2. CMC, culture and multilingualism 1376.6. CMC, e-mail and knowledge management 1406.6.1. CMC and e-mail 1406.6.2. CMC and knowledge management 1426.7. Conclusions 1436.8. Bibliography 144Chapter 7 Traceability of Communications in Software Design 153François RAUSCHER, Hassan ATIFI and Nada MATTA7.1. Introduction 1537.2. Problem-solving 1547.3. Software development process 1557.4. Related works on e-mail analysis 1557.5. Project knowledge extraction from e-mails 1567.5.1. Classification of e-mails 1577.5.2. Message analysis 1587.6. Example 1607.6.1. Example description 1607.6.2. E-mail analysis 1627.6.3. Message content analysis 1677.7. Context-aware algorithm 1697.8. Conclusion 1727.9. Bibliography 174Chapter 8 Traceability of Actions in Crisis Management  179Mohamed SEDIRI, Nada MATTA and Sophie LORIETTE8.1. Introduction 1798.2. Crisis management 1808.2.1. Explorations of the state of the art in crisis management help to identify three management styles 1828.3. Decision-making in crisis situations 1848.4. Decision-making support using experience feedback 1878.4.1. Experience feedback: collection and modeling 1888.5. Clever crisis management system (CCS) framework 1938.5.1. CCS: a system of state/event 1958.5.2. Situation organization in a database 1978.5.3. Interaction between the system and actor 1998.5.4. Implementation structure of situation base 2018.5.5. The choice of the maps system 2028.6. Traceability of the experience feedback 2048.7. Human–machine interface of CCS 2058.8. Example 2088.9. Conclusion 2108.10. Bibliography 211Chapter 9 Traceability in Problem-solving Processes 215Elisabeth KUNTZ, Eric REUBREZ, Laurent GENESTE, Juan Camilo ROMERO, Valentina LLAMAS and Aymeric DE VALROGER9.1. Introduction 2159.2. Problem-solving processes 2169.2.1. Problem context description 2179.2.2. Analysis 2179.2.3. Proposal and evaluation of action plans 2189.3. Traceability and reuse 2199.4. ProWhy 2249.4.1. ProWhy: problem-solving process support 2259.4.2. ProWhy: reuse of past experiences 2309.5. Conclusion 2319.6. Bibliography 231Conclusion  235Nada MATTAList of Authors 241Index 243