Stroke and Cerebrovascular Disease in Childhood

Edited by:Vijeya Ganesan, Institute of Child Health, University College LondonFenella Kirkham, Institute of Child Health, University College London and Great Ormond Street Hospital, London

"This textbook will serve as an excellent reference for pediatric and adult neurologists, particularly those with an interest in stroke. Haematologists, neuroradiologists, and rehabilitation specialists in stroke will find the book interesting as well." (The Lancet Neurology, 1 July 2011)

• AUTHORS' APPOINTMENTS ix 1. CHILDHOOD STROKE – THE UNKINDEST CUT OF ALL: A HISTORY OF CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE IN CHILDHOOD 1Andrew N. Williams and Fenella J. Kirkham2. DEVELOPMENT OF THE BRAIN CIRCULATION 17Chao Bao Luo, Marina Sachet Ferreira, Hortensia Alvarez, Georges Rodesch and Pierre L. Lasjaunias3. THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF CHILDHOOD STROKE 22Gabrielle deVeber4. CLINICAL AND IMAGING FEATURES OF CHILDHOOD STROKE 274.1 CLINICAL SYNDROMES 274.1.1 ANTERIOR CIRCULATION STROKE 27Fenella J. Kirkham4.1.2 POSTERIOR CIRCULATION STROKES IN CHILDREN 38Bhuwan P. Garg4.1.3 SPINAL CORD STROKE 43Bettina Harms, Jason MacDonald and Fenella J. Kirkham4.2 NEUROIMAGING 484.2.1 IMAGING OF PAEDIATRIC STROKE 48Dawn E. Saunders and W.K. Kling Chong4.2.2 RECENT ADVANCES IN MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING 57Fernando Calamante, Jacques-Donald Tournier and Alan Connelly5. RISK FACTORS AND TRIGGERS FOR CRYPTOGENIC (AND SYMPTOMATIC) STROKE 845.1 CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASES FROM INFECTIOUS/INFLAMMATORY ORIGIN 84Guillaume Sébire and Benedict Michel (with a section on human immunodeficiency virus by Nomazulu Dlamini and Fenella J. Kirkham)5.2 THROMBOPHILIA AND CHILDHOOD STROKE 91Ulrike Nowak-Göttl and Ronald Sträter5.3 HYPERTENSION AND CHILDHOOD STROKE 94Juan C. Kupferman, Fenella J. Kirkham and Steven Pavlakis5.4 TRAUMA 96Fenella J. Kirkham5.5 IRON DEFICIENCY 96Fenella J. Kirkham5.6 PATENT FORAMEN OVALE AND PARADOXICAL EMBOLISM 96Vijeya Ganesan and Fenella J. Kirkham6. ARTERIAL ISCHAEMIC STROKE AND VASCULAR DISEASE IN CHILDHOOD 1076.1 CERVICOCEPHALIC ARTERIAL DISSECTIONS IN CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE 107Göran Darius Hildebrand and Stéphane Chabrier6.2 TRANSIENT CEREBRAL ARTERIOPATHY 115Guillaume Sébire6.3 MOYAMOYA SYNDROME IN CHILDHOOD 120Vijeya Ganesan and Brian G.R. Neville6.4 CEREBRAL VASCULITIS 127Russell C. Dale6.5 VASOSPASM 131Fenella J. Kirkham6.6 TORTUOSITY AND DOLICHOECTASIA 132Katharine M.L. Forrest6.7 DEVELOPMENTAL VENOUS ANOMALIES 133Mara Prengler and Fenella J. Kirkham7. CEREBAL SINOVENOUS (VENOUS SINUS) THROMBOSIS 145Gabrielle deVeber8. HAEMORRHAGIC STROKE 1608.1 NON-TRAUMATIC INTRACRANIAL HAEMORRHAGE IN CHILDREN 160Vijeya Ganesan and Dawn E. Saunders8.2 SURGICAL TREATMENT OF HAEMORRHAGIC STROKE IN CHILDREN 169Joan P. Grieve and Neil D. Kitchen8.3 INTERVENTIONAL NEURORADIOLOGY IN THE MANAGEMENT OF ANEURYSMS AND ARTERIOVENOUS SHUNTS IN CHILDREN 172Chao Bao Luo, Marina Sachet Ferreira, Hortensia Alvarez, Georges Rodesch, Pierre L. Lasjuanias and Stefan K. Brew8.4 STEREOTACTIC RADIOSURGERY IN THE MANAGEMENT OF ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS IN CHILDREN 177M.W.R. Radatz and A.A. Kemeny9. NEONATAL STROKE 1839.1 PERINATAL ARTERIAL STROKE 183Frances Cowan and Eugenio Mercuri9.2 INTRACRANIAL HAEMORRHAGE IN THE NEWBORN 194Fenella J. Kirkham and Frances Cowan10. VEIN OF GALEN ANEURYSMAL MALFORMATION 204Chao Bao Luo, Marina Sachet Ferreira, Hortensia Alvarez, Georges Rodesch, Pierre L. Lasjaunias and Stefan K. Brew11. STURGE-WEBER SYDROME 212Sarah Aylett12. HEMPILEGIC MIGRAINE 217Sarah Benton, Michel D. Ferrari, Fenella J. Kirkham and Peter J. Goadsby13. ALTERNATING HEMIPLEGIA OF CHILDHOOD 225Jean Aicardi and Fenella J. Kirkham14. INBORN METABOLIC DISEASE AND ACUTE FOCAL NEUROLOGY 233Robert Surtees and Fenella J. Kirkham15. SYMPTOMATIC STROKE 24515.1 CARDIAC DISORDERS 245Vijeya Ganesen15.2 GENETICALLY DETERMINED VASCULOPATHIES AND STROKE SYNDROMES WITHOUT NEUROCUTANEOUS STIGMATA 251Fenella J. Kirkham and Nomazulu Dlamini15.3 GENETICALLY DETERMINED VASCULOPATHIES AND STROKE SYNDROMES WITH NEUROCUTANEOUS SYNDROMES 256Fenella J. Kirkham15.4 CONGENITAL AND ACQUIRED ANAEMIAS 261Dimitrios Zafeiriou, Mara Prengler, Steven Pavlakis and Fenella J. Kirkham15.5 IMMUNODEFICIENCY AND BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION 287Fenella J. Kirkham15.6 PREMATURE AGEING SYDROMES (PROGERIAS) 287Fenella J. Kirkham15.7 STROKE IN CHILDREN WITH CANCER 288Fenella J. Kirkham15.8 INFLAMMATORY VASCULOPATHIES 293Fenella J. Kirkham16. ACUTE MANAGEMENT 319Rebecca Ichord, Anne Yardumian, Fenella J. Kirkham and Gabrielle DeVeber17. RECURRENCE, OUTCOME AND REHABILITATION 33717.1 RECURRENCE AND SECONDARY PREVENTION 337Vijeya Ganesan and Fenella J. Kirkham17.2 OUTCOME AFTER STROKE IN CHILDHOOD 340Anne Gordon, Lucinda Carr, Vijeya Ganesan, Fenella J. Kirkham and Gabrielle deVeber17.3 ONTOGENETIC SPECIALIZATION OF HEMISPHERIC FUNCTION 354Faraneh Vargha-Khadem, Elizabeth Isaacs, Kate Watkins and Mortimer Mishkin17.4 NEURODEVELOPMENTAL OUTCOME IN CHILDREN WITH CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS 362Amy Savage, Catherine Hill, Fenella J. Kirkham and Alexandra Hogan17.5 SICKLE CELL DISEASE: COGNITIVE AND BEHAVIOURAL OUTCOME 370Alexandra Hogan17.6 REHABILITATION AFTER STROKE IN CHILDREN 380Anne Gordon and Lucinda Carr18. FUTURE DIRECTIONS 398Vijeya Ganesan and Fenella J. KirkhamINDEX 403Colour plates fall between pages 212 and 213.