Šarūnas Liekis is Dean and Professor of the Faculty of Political Science and Diplomacy at Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas. He studied and did postgraduate research at Vilnius University (habilitation procedure passed in 2005); Brandeis University (1993–98, Ph.D.); the Hebrew University of Jerusalem; and the University of Oxford. He publishes extensively on Jewish history, minority issues, and the international and political history of Lithuania and Poland. His latest book is 1939: The Year that Changed Everything in Lithuania’s History (2010). Author of The Jews in Poland and Russia, 3 vols. (Littman Library, 2010–12), also published in an abridged version: The Jews in Poland and Russia: A Short History (2014). In 2012 The Jews in Poland and Russia was awarded the Pro Historia Polonorum prize of the Polish Senate for the best book on the history of Poland in a non-Polish language written in the previous five years. Holds honorary doctorates from the University of Warsaw (2010) and the Jagiellonian University (2014). In 2011 he was awarded the Officer’s Cross of the Order of Merit of Polonia Restituta and the Officer’s Cross of the Order of Merit of Independent Lithuania.ChaeRan Freeze is associate professor of Near Eastern and Judaic Studies at Brandeis University. She is the author of Jewish Marriage and Divorce in Imperial Russia (2001), which received the Koret Foundation Publication Award and the Salo Baron Award for the Best First Book in Jewish Studies. She is co-editor (with Jay Harris) of Everyday Jewish Life in Imperial Russia, 1825–1914: Select Documents (forthcoming) and is working on a book Sex and the Shtetl: Gender, Family, and Jewish Sexuality in Tsarist Russia.

• Note on Place Names Note on TransliterationPART I: JEWS IN THE FORMER GRAND DUCHY OF LITHUANIA SINCE 1772Introduction ŠARŪNAS LIEKIS AND ANTONY POLONSKYLithuanian Jewry and the Concept of ‘East European Jewry’ MORDECHAI ZALKIN Economic Relations between Jewish Traders and Christian Farmers in the Nineteenth-Century Lithuanian Provinces AELITA AMBRULEVIČIŪTĖThe War of Lyady Succession: R. Aaron Halevi versus R. Dov Baer IMMANUEL ETKESLithuanian Antisemitism in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries DARIUS STALIŪNAS‘I Have Chosen the Belarusian Word . . .’: On the Life and Creative Career of Zmitrok Byadulya ANDREY KROTAU Authentic and National: Some Lithuanian–Jewish Correlations in the Search for ‘Folk Culture’ in the First Half of the Twentieth Century LARISA LEMPERTIENĖJewish Prayer Halls and Synagogues in Vilna, 1914–1920 AUŠRA PAŽĖRAITĖWalking a Thin Line: The Successes and Failures of Socialist Zionism in Lithuania EGLĖ BENDIKAITĖJewish Converts in Independent Lithuania, 1918–1940: An Attempt at a Case Analysis SAULIUS KAUBRYS‘A Close, but Very Suspicious and Dangerous Neighbour’: Outbreaks of Antisemitism in Inter-War Lithuania VLADAS SIRUTAVIČIUSThe Bund in Vilna, 1918–1939 JACK JACOBSThe Lithuanian-Language Jewish Periodicals Mūsų garsas (1924–1925) and Apžvalga (1935–1940): A Sociolinguistic Evolution ANNA VERSCHIK‘Listen, the Jews are Ruling Us Now’: Antisemitism and National Conflict during the First Soviet Occupation of Lithuania, 1940–1941 SAULIUS SUŽIEDĖLISSoviet Resistance and Jewish Partisans in Lithuania ŠARŪNAS LIEKISThe Vilnius and Kaunas Ghettos and the Fate of Lithuanian Jewry, 1941–1945 THEODORE R. WEEKS‘To Transform Ourselves’: Lithuania Looks at the Holocaust ELLEN CASSEDYThe Problem of Jewish National Symbols in Vilnius DAVID E. FISHMAN Some Remarks on the History of the New Lithuanian Jewish Community: The Road Travelled in Establishing a Litvak Identity VYTAUTAS TOLEIKISThe Recent Works of Grigory Kanovich ANNA P. RONELLThe Dream of a Vanished Jerusalem GRIGORY KANOVICHREVIEWSAušra Paulauskienė, Lost and Found: The Discovery of Lithuania in American Fiction MICHAEL CASPERTomas Venclova, Vilnius: A Personal History MICHAEL CASPERPART II JEWS IN POLISH MEDICINEDr Gershon Lewin (1868–1940): Pioneer of Public Health and Promoter of Jewish Culture in Poland KARIN OHRY-KOSSOY AND AVI OHRYDedicated Physicians in the Face of Adversity: The Association of Jewish Physicians (ZLRP) and the Jewish Health Organization (TOZ) in Poland, 1921–1942 KARIN OHRY-KOSSOY AND AVI OHRYThe Medical School in the Warsaw Ghetto, 1941–1942 MARTA ALEKSANDRA BALINSKAEthical Dilemmas in the Work of Doctors and Nurses in the Warsaw Ghetto MIRIAM OFFERNotes on the Contributors Index

Šarūnas Liekis is Dean and Professor of the Faculty of Political Science and Diplomacy at Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas. He studied and did postgraduate research at Vilnius University (habilitation procedure passed in 2005); Brandeis University (1993–98, Ph.D.); the Hebrew University of Jerusalem; and the University of Oxford. He publishes extensively on Jewish history, minority issues, and the international and political history of Lithuania and Poland. His latest book is 1939: The Year that Changed Everything in Lithuania’s History (2010). Author of The Jews in Poland and Russia, 3 vols. (Littman Library, 2010–12), also published in an abridged version: The Jews in Poland and Russia: A Short History (2014). In 2012 The Jews in Poland and Russia was awarded the Pro Historia Polonorum prize of the Polish Senate for the best book on the history of Poland in a non-Polish language written in the previous five years. Holds honorary doctorates from the University of Warsaw (2010) and the Jagiellonian University (2014). In 2011 he was awarded the Officer’s Cross of the Order of Merit of Polonia Restituta and the Officer’s Cross of the Order of Merit of Independent Lithuania.ChaeRan Freeze is associate professor of Near Eastern and Judaic Studies at Brandeis University. She is the author of Jewish Marriage and Divorce in Imperial Russia (2001), which received the Koret Foundation Publication Award and the Salo Baron Award for the Best First Book in Jewish Studies. She is co-editor (with Jay Harris) of Everyday Jewish Life in Imperial Russia, 1825–1914: Select Documents (forthcoming) and is working on a book Sex and the Shtetl: Gender, Family, and Jewish Sexuality in Tsarist Russia.

• Note on Place Names Note on TransliterationPART I: JEWS IN THE FORMER GRAND DUCHY OF LITHUANIA SINCE 1772Introduction ŠARŪNAS LIEKIS AND ANTONY POLONSKYLithuanian Jewry and the Concept of ‘East European Jewry’ MORDECHAI ZALKIN Economic Relations between Jewish Traders and Christian Farmers in the Nineteenth-Century Lithuanian Provinces AELITA AMBRULEVIČIŪTĖThe War of Lyady Succession: R. Aaron Halevi versus R. Dov Baer IMMANUEL ETKESLithuanian Antisemitism in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries DARIUS STALIŪNAS‘I Have Chosen the Belarusian Word . . .’: On the Life and Creative Career of Zmitrok Byadulya ANDREY KROTAU Authentic and National: Some Lithuanian–Jewish Correlations in the Search for ‘Folk Culture’ in the First Half of the Twentieth Century LARISA LEMPERTIENĖJewish Prayer Halls and Synagogues in Vilna, 1914–1920 AUŠRA PAŽĖRAITĖWalking a Thin Line: The Successes and Failures of Socialist Zionism in Lithuania EGLĖ BENDIKAITĖJewish Converts in Independent Lithuania, 1918–1940: An Attempt at a Case Analysis SAULIUS KAUBRYS‘A Close, but Very Suspicious and Dangerous Neighbour’: Outbreaks of Antisemitism in Inter-War Lithuania VLADAS SIRUTAVIČIUSThe Bund in Vilna, 1918–1939 JACK JACOBSThe Lithuanian-Language Jewish Periodicals Mūsų garsas (1924–1925) and Apžvalga (1935–1940): A Sociolinguistic Evolution ANNA VERSCHIK‘Listen, the Jews are Ruling Us Now’: Antisemitism and National Conflict during the First Soviet Occupation of Lithuania, 1940–1941 SAULIUS SUŽIEDĖLISSoviet Resistance and Jewish Partisans in Lithuania ŠARŪNAS LIEKISThe Vilnius and Kaunas Ghettos and the Fate of Lithuanian Jewry, 1941–1945 THEODORE R. WEEKS‘To Transform Ourselves’: Lithuania Looks at the Holocaust ELLEN CASSEDYThe Problem of Jewish National Symbols in Vilnius DAVID E. FISHMAN Some Remarks on the History of the New Lithuanian Jewish Community: The Road Travelled in Establishing a Litvak Identity VYTAUTAS TOLEIKISThe Recent Works of Grigory Kanovich ANNA P. RONELLThe Dream of a Vanished Jerusalem GRIGORY KANOVICHREVIEWSAušra Paulauskienė, Lost and Found: The Discovery of Lithuania in American Fiction MICHAEL CASPERTomas Venclova, Vilnius: A Personal History MICHAEL CASPERPART II JEWS IN POLISH MEDICINEDr Gershon Lewin (1868–1940): Pioneer of Public Health and Promoter of Jewish Culture in Poland KARIN OHRY-KOSSOY AND AVI OHRYDedicated Physicians in the Face of Adversity: The Association of Jewish Physicians (ZLRP) and the Jewish Health Organization (TOZ) in Poland, 1921–1942 KARIN OHRY-KOSSOY AND AVI OHRYThe Medical School in the Warsaw Ghetto, 1941–1942 MARTA ALEKSANDRA BALINSKAEthical Dilemmas in the Work of Doctors and Nurses in the Warsaw Ghetto MIRIAM OFFERNotes on the Contributors Index

Šarūnas Liekis is Dean and Professor of the Faculty of Political Science and Diplomacy at Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas. He studied and did postgraduate research at Vilnius University (habilitation procedure passed in 2005); Brandeis University (1993–98, Ph.D.); the Hebrew University of Jerusalem; and the University of Oxford. He publishes extensively on Jewish history, minority issues, and the international and political history of Lithuania and Poland. His latest book is 1939: The Year that Changed Everything in Lithuania’s History (2010). Author of The Jews in Poland and Russia, 3 vols. (Littman Library, 2010–12), also published in an abridged version: The Jews in Poland and Russia: A Short History (2014). In 2012 The Jews in Poland and Russia was awarded the Pro Historia Polonorum prize of the Polish Senate for the best book on the history of Poland in a non-Polish language written in the previous five years. Holds honorary doctorates from the University of Warsaw (2010) and the Jagiellonian University (2014). In 2011 he was awarded the Officer’s Cross of the Order of Merit of Polonia Restituta and the Officer’s Cross of the Order of Merit of Independent Lithuania.ChaeRan Freeze is associate professor of Near Eastern and Judaic Studies at Brandeis University. She is the author of Jewish Marriage and Divorce in Imperial Russia (2001), which received the Koret Foundation Publication Award and the Salo Baron Award for the Best First Book in Jewish Studies. She is co-editor (with Jay Harris) of Everyday Jewish Life in Imperial Russia, 1825–1914: Select Documents (forthcoming) and is working on a book Sex and the Shtetl: Gender, Family, and Jewish Sexuality in Tsarist Russia.

• Note on Place Names Note on TransliterationPART I: JEWS IN THE FORMER GRAND DUCHY OF LITHUANIA SINCE 1772Introduction ŠARŪNAS LIEKIS AND ANTONY POLONSKYLithuanian Jewry and the Concept of ‘East European Jewry’ MORDECHAI ZALKIN Economic Relations between Jewish Traders and Christian Farmers in the Nineteenth-Century Lithuanian Provinces AELITA AMBRULEVIČIŪTĖThe War of Lyady Succession: R. Aaron Halevi versus R. Dov Baer IMMANUEL ETKESLithuanian Antisemitism in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries DARIUS STALIŪNAS‘I Have Chosen the Belarusian Word . . .’: On the Life and Creative Career of Zmitrok Byadulya ANDREY KROTAU Authentic and National: Some Lithuanian–Jewish Correlations in the Search for ‘Folk Culture’ in the First Half of the Twentieth Century LARISA LEMPERTIENĖJewish Prayer Halls and Synagogues in Vilna, 1914–1920 AUŠRA PAŽĖRAITĖWalking a Thin Line: The Successes and Failures of Socialist Zionism in Lithuania EGLĖ BENDIKAITĖJewish Converts in Independent Lithuania, 1918–1940: An Attempt at a Case Analysis SAULIUS KAUBRYS‘A Close, but Very Suspicious and Dangerous Neighbour’: Outbreaks of Antisemitism in Inter-War Lithuania VLADAS SIRUTAVIČIUSThe Bund in Vilna, 1918–1939 JACK JACOBSThe Lithuanian-Language Jewish Periodicals Mūsų garsas (1924–1925) and Apžvalga (1935–1940): A Sociolinguistic Evolution ANNA VERSCHIK‘Listen, the Jews are Ruling Us Now’: Antisemitism and National Conflict during the First Soviet Occupation of Lithuania, 1940–1941 SAULIUS SUŽIEDĖLISSoviet Resistance and Jewish Partisans in Lithuania ŠARŪNAS LIEKISThe Vilnius and Kaunas Ghettos and the Fate of Lithuanian Jewry, 1941–1945 THEODORE R. WEEKS‘To Transform Ourselves’: Lithuania Looks at the Holocaust ELLEN CASSEDYThe Problem of Jewish National Symbols in Vilnius DAVID E. FISHMAN Some Remarks on the History of the New Lithuanian Jewish Community: The Road Travelled in Establishing a Litvak Identity VYTAUTAS TOLEIKISThe Recent Works of Grigory Kanovich ANNA P. RONELLThe Dream of a Vanished Jerusalem GRIGORY KANOVICHREVIEWSAušra Paulauskienė, Lost and Found: The Discovery of Lithuania in American Fiction MICHAEL CASPERTomas Venclova, Vilnius: A Personal History MICHAEL CASPERPART II JEWS IN POLISH MEDICINEDr Gershon Lewin (1868–1940): Pioneer of Public Health and Promoter of Jewish Culture in Poland KARIN OHRY-KOSSOY AND AVI OHRYDedicated Physicians in the Face of Adversity: The Association of Jewish Physicians (ZLRP) and the Jewish Health Organization (TOZ) in Poland, 1921–1942 KARIN OHRY-KOSSOY AND AVI OHRYThe Medical School in the Warsaw Ghetto, 1941–1942 MARTA ALEKSANDRA BALINSKAEthical Dilemmas in the Work of Doctors and Nurses in the Warsaw Ghetto MIRIAM OFFERNotes on the Contributors Index