Larry Nuttbrock received a Ph.D in sociology from Case Western Reserve University. He subsequently completed a postdoctoral fellowship in psychiatric epidemiology from Columbia University. Currently a private research consultant, he was previously affiliated with the National Development and Research Institutes in New York City. He recently completed a large NIH-funded study of HIV among transgender women and remains active in the field of transgender health.

This book explores the role of sex work in the lives of transgender women and the hazards that come with this type of work, revealing a complex interplay between sex and gender, survival and validation, desire and love, social justice and health. A must-read for any researcher, health provider, advocate, or policy maker concerned with the health and well-being of sex workers of all genders. -- Walter Bockting, codirector, Program for the Study of LGBT Health, Columbia University Medical Center This is a wonderful collection that helps to fill a huge gap in the research literature. Transgender individuals are the least studied of all sex workers. Wide-ranging in scope, the book covers key social, health, victimization, criminal justice, and policy issues in different nations. The findings document diversity within the transgender population but also indicate that transgender individuals face some unique challenges and are doubly stigmatized by virtue of their gender and involvement in sex work. -- Ronald Weitzer, George Washington University, author of Legalizing Prostitution: From Illicit Vice to Lawful Business and Sex for Sale: Prostitution, Pornography and the Sex Industry

• Foreword, by Walter BocktingIntroduction, by Toward a Better Understanding of Transgender Sex Work, by Larry A. NuttbrockSection I. Empirical Descriptions and a Conceptual Formulation for Sex Work Among Transwomen in the United States1. Qualitative Description of Sex Work among Transwomen in New York City, by Sel J. Hwahng2. Quantitative Description of Sex Work among Transwomen in New York City, by Larry A. Nuttbrock3. Why Are So Many Transwomen in the Sex Trade, and Why Are So Many of Them Ethnic Minorities?, by Larry A. Nuttbrock and Sel J. HwahngSection II. Survival Sex Among Young Transgender Persons in the United States and the United Kingdom4. Compound Harms: What the Literature Says about Survival Sex among Young Trans People in the United Kingdom and the United States, by Lorna C. BartonSection III. Personal Relationships and Health Risk Behavior5. Relationship Dynamics and Health Risk Behavior among Transwomen and Their Cisgender Male Partners, by Tiffany R. Glynn and Don OperarioSection IV. Mental Health and Substance Use Issues Among Transwomen in the Sex Trade6. Mental Health and Transphobia among Transwomen Sex Workers: Application and Extension of Minority Stress Models, by Don Operario, Tiffany R. Glynn, and Tooru Nemoto7. Sex Work and Major Depression among Transwomen in New York City: Mediating Effects of Gender Abuse and Substance Use, by Larry A. Nuttbrock8. Substance Use among Transgender Sex Workers, by Beth R. HoffmanSection V. HIV Among Transwomen in the Sex Trade9. the Prevalence of HIV among Transwomen Sex Workers: A Review of Current Literature, by Ayden I. Scheim, Laura Winters, Zack Marshall, Daze Jefferies, and Stefan D. Baral10. HIV and Substance Use among Transwomen Sex Workers: A Vicious Cycle of Socioeconomic Hardship, Unmet Service Needs, and Health Risk, by Tiffany R. Glynn, Don Operario, and Tooru Nemoto11. Sex Work, High-Risk Sexual Behavior, and Incident HIV/STI among Transwomen in New York City: A Study of Mediating Factors, by Larry A. Nuttbrock12. Sex Work and Antiretroviral Therapy among Transwomen of Color Living with HIV in New York City, by Larry A. NuttbrockSection VI. Transgender Sex Work in Different Cultural Settings13. Sex Work in Turkey: Experiences of Transwomen, by Ceylan Engin14. Hijras/Transwomen and Sex Work in India: From Marginalization to Social Protection, by Venkatesan Chakrapani, Peter A. Newman, and Ernest Noronha15. Transgender Sex Work in Brazil: Historico-Cultural Perspectives, by Don Kulick16. the Changing Landscape of Transgender Sex Work, Pimping, and Trafficking in Brazil, by Barry M. Wolfe17. Sociocultural Context of Sex Work among Mak Nyah (Transgender Women) in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, by Tooru Nemoto, Rebecca de Guzman, Yik Koon Teh, Mariko Iwamoto, and Karen Trocki18. Sociocultural Context of Health among Kathoey (Transwomen) and Female Sex Workers in Bangkok, Thailand, by Tooru Nemoto, Usaneya Perngparn, Chitlada Areesantichai, Mariko Iwamato, Charlene Bumanglag, and Julia Moore19. Transgender Sex Work in the Andean Region: Between Vulnerability and Resilience, by Ximena Salazar, Aron Núnez-Curto, Angélica Motta, and Carlos F. Cáceres20. Transgender Sex Work in Spain: Psychosocial Profile and Mental Health, by Rafael Ballester-Arnal, Maria Dolores Gil-Llario, Jesús Castro-Calvo, Trinidad Bergero-Miguel, and José Guzmán-Parra21. Prevalence and Associated Factors of Condomless Receptive Anal Intercourse with Male Clients among Transwomen Sex Workers in Shenyang, China, by Zixin Wang, Joseph T. F. Lau, Yong Cai, Jinghua Li, Tiecheng Ma, and Yan LiuSection VII. Care and Treatment of Transgender Sex Workers22. Issues in the Care and Treatment of Transwomen Sex Workers, by Asa Radix and Zil GoldsteinSection VIII. Criminal Justice Versus Public Health Perspectives on Transgender Sex Work23. Police Abuse, Depressive Symptoms, and High-Risk Sexual Behavior for HIV among Transwomen, by Larry A. Nuttbrock24. Criminal Justice versus Health and Human Rights Perspectives on Transgender Sex Work, by Tara Lyons, Leslie Pierre, Andrea Krüsi, and Kate ShannonSection IX. Analytic Summary and Directions for Further Study25. Analytic Summary and Directions for Further Study, by Walter Bockting and Larry A. NuttbrockContributorsGlossaryIndex

Larry Nuttbrock received a Ph.D in sociology from Case Western Reserve University. He subsequently completed a postdoctoral fellowship in psychiatric epidemiology from Columbia University. Currently a private research consultant, he was previously affiliated with the National Development and Research Institutes in New York City. He recently completed a large NIH-funded study of HIV among transgender women and remains active in the field of transgender health.

This book explores the role of sex work in the lives of transgender women and the hazards that come with this type of work, revealing a complex interplay between sex and gender, survival and validation, desire and love, social justice and health. A must-read for any researcher, health provider, advocate, or policy maker concerned with the health and well-being of sex workers of all genders. -- Walter Bockting, codirector, Program for the Study of LGBT Health, Columbia University Medical Center This is a wonderful collection that helps to fill a huge gap in the research literature. Transgender individuals are the least studied of all sex workers. Wide-ranging in scope, the book covers key social, health, victimization, criminal justice, and policy issues in different nations. The findings document diversity within the transgender population but also indicate that transgender individuals face some unique challenges and are doubly stigmatized by virtue of their gender and involvement in sex work. -- Ronald Weitzer, George Washington University, author of Legalizing Prostitution: From Illicit Vice to Lawful Business and Sex for Sale: Prostitution, Pornography and the Sex Industry

• Foreword, by Walter BocktingIntroduction, by Toward a Better Understanding of Transgender Sex Work, by Larry A. NuttbrockSection I. Empirical Descriptions and a Conceptual Formulation for Sex Work Among Transwomen in the United States1. Qualitative Description of Sex Work among Transwomen in New York City, by Sel J. Hwahng2. Quantitative Description of Sex Work among Transwomen in New York City, by Larry A. Nuttbrock3. Why Are So Many Transwomen in the Sex Trade, and Why Are So Many of Them Ethnic Minorities?, by Larry A. Nuttbrock and Sel J. HwahngSection II. Survival Sex Among Young Transgender Persons in the United States and the United Kingdom4. Compound Harms: What the Literature Says about Survival Sex among Young Trans People in the United Kingdom and the United States, by Lorna C. BartonSection III. Personal Relationships and Health Risk Behavior5. Relationship Dynamics and Health Risk Behavior among Transwomen and Their Cisgender Male Partners, by Tiffany R. Glynn and Don OperarioSection IV. Mental Health and Substance Use Issues Among Transwomen in the Sex Trade6. Mental Health and Transphobia among Transwomen Sex Workers: Application and Extension of Minority Stress Models, by Don Operario, Tiffany R. Glynn, and Tooru Nemoto7. Sex Work and Major Depression among Transwomen in New York City: Mediating Effects of Gender Abuse and Substance Use, by Larry A. Nuttbrock8. Substance Use among Transgender Sex Workers, by Beth R. HoffmanSection V. HIV Among Transwomen in the Sex Trade9. the Prevalence of HIV among Transwomen Sex Workers: A Review of Current Literature, by Ayden I. Scheim, Laura Winters, Zack Marshall, Daze Jefferies, and Stefan D. Baral10. HIV and Substance Use among Transwomen Sex Workers: A Vicious Cycle of Socioeconomic Hardship, Unmet Service Needs, and Health Risk, by Tiffany R. Glynn, Don Operario, and Tooru Nemoto11. Sex Work, High-Risk Sexual Behavior, and Incident HIV/STI among Transwomen in New York City: A Study of Mediating Factors, by Larry A. Nuttbrock12. Sex Work and Antiretroviral Therapy among Transwomen of Color Living with HIV in New York City, by Larry A. NuttbrockSection VI. Transgender Sex Work in Different Cultural Settings13. Sex Work in Turkey: Experiences of Transwomen, by Ceylan Engin14. Hijras/Transwomen and Sex Work in India: From Marginalization to Social Protection, by Venkatesan Chakrapani, Peter A. Newman, and Ernest Noronha15. Transgender Sex Work in Brazil: Historico-Cultural Perspectives, by Don Kulick16. the Changing Landscape of Transgender Sex Work, Pimping, and Trafficking in Brazil, by Barry M. Wolfe17. Sociocultural Context of Sex Work among Mak Nyah (Transgender Women) in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, by Tooru Nemoto, Rebecca de Guzman, Yik Koon Teh, Mariko Iwamoto, and Karen Trocki18. Sociocultural Context of Health among Kathoey (Transwomen) and Female Sex Workers in Bangkok, Thailand, by Tooru Nemoto, Usaneya Perngparn, Chitlada Areesantichai, Mariko Iwamato, Charlene Bumanglag, and Julia Moore19. Transgender Sex Work in the Andean Region: Between Vulnerability and Resilience, by Ximena Salazar, Aron Núnez-Curto, Angélica Motta, and Carlos F. Cáceres20. Transgender Sex Work in Spain: Psychosocial Profile and Mental Health, by Rafael Ballester-Arnal, Maria Dolores Gil-Llario, Jesús Castro-Calvo, Trinidad Bergero-Miguel, and José Guzmán-Parra21. Prevalence and Associated Factors of Condomless Receptive Anal Intercourse with Male Clients among Transwomen Sex Workers in Shenyang, China, by Zixin Wang, Joseph T. F. Lau, Yong Cai, Jinghua Li, Tiecheng Ma, and Yan LiuSection VII. Care and Treatment of Transgender Sex Workers22. Issues in the Care and Treatment of Transwomen Sex Workers, by Asa Radix and Zil GoldsteinSection VIII. Criminal Justice Versus Public Health Perspectives on Transgender Sex Work23. Police Abuse, Depressive Symptoms, and High-Risk Sexual Behavior for HIV among Transwomen, by Larry A. Nuttbrock24. Criminal Justice versus Health and Human Rights Perspectives on Transgender Sex Work, by Tara Lyons, Leslie Pierre, Andrea Krüsi, and Kate ShannonSection IX. Analytic Summary and Directions for Further Study25. Analytic Summary and Directions for Further Study, by Walter Bockting and Larry A. NuttbrockContributorsGlossaryIndex

Larry Nuttbrock received a Ph.D in sociology from Case Western Reserve University. He subsequently completed a postdoctoral fellowship in psychiatric epidemiology from Columbia University. Currently a private research consultant, he was previously affiliated with the National Development and Research Institutes in New York City. He recently completed a large NIH-funded study of HIV among transgender women and remains active in the field of transgender health.

This book explores the role of sex work in the lives of transgender women and the hazards that come with this type of work, revealing a complex interplay between sex and gender, survival and validation, desire and love, social justice and health. A must-read for any researcher, health provider, advocate, or policy maker concerned with the health and well-being of sex workers of all genders. -- Walter Bockting, codirector, Program for the Study of LGBT Health, Columbia University Medical Center This is a wonderful collection that helps to fill a huge gap in the research literature. Transgender individuals are the least studied of all sex workers. Wide-ranging in scope, the book covers key social, health, victimization, criminal justice, and policy issues in different nations. The findings document diversity within the transgender population but also indicate that transgender individuals face some unique challenges and are doubly stigmatized by virtue of their gender and involvement in sex work. -- Ronald Weitzer, George Washington University, author of Legalizing Prostitution: From Illicit Vice to Lawful Business and Sex for Sale: Prostitution, Pornography and the Sex Industry

• Foreword, by Walter BocktingIntroduction, by Toward a Better Understanding of Transgender Sex Work, by Larry A. NuttbrockSection I. Empirical Descriptions and a Conceptual Formulation for Sex Work Among Transwomen in the United States1. Qualitative Description of Sex Work among Transwomen in New York City, by Sel J. Hwahng2. Quantitative Description of Sex Work among Transwomen in New York City, by Larry A. Nuttbrock3. Why Are So Many Transwomen in the Sex Trade, and Why Are So Many of Them Ethnic Minorities?, by Larry A. Nuttbrock and Sel J. HwahngSection II. Survival Sex Among Young Transgender Persons in the United States and the United Kingdom4. Compound Harms: What the Literature Says about Survival Sex among Young Trans People in the United Kingdom and the United States, by Lorna C. BartonSection III. Personal Relationships and Health Risk Behavior5. Relationship Dynamics and Health Risk Behavior among Transwomen and Their Cisgender Male Partners, by Tiffany R. Glynn and Don OperarioSection IV. Mental Health and Substance Use Issues Among Transwomen in the Sex Trade6. Mental Health and Transphobia among Transwomen Sex Workers: Application and Extension of Minority Stress Models, by Don Operario, Tiffany R. Glynn, and Tooru Nemoto7. Sex Work and Major Depression among Transwomen in New York City: Mediating Effects of Gender Abuse and Substance Use, by Larry A. Nuttbrock8. Substance Use among Transgender Sex Workers, by Beth R. HoffmanSection V. HIV Among Transwomen in the Sex Trade9. the Prevalence of HIV among Transwomen Sex Workers: A Review of Current Literature, by Ayden I. Scheim, Laura Winters, Zack Marshall, Daze Jefferies, and Stefan D. Baral10. HIV and Substance Use among Transwomen Sex Workers: A Vicious Cycle of Socioeconomic Hardship, Unmet Service Needs, and Health Risk, by Tiffany R. Glynn, Don Operario, and Tooru Nemoto11. Sex Work, High-Risk Sexual Behavior, and Incident HIV/STI among Transwomen in New York City: A Study of Mediating Factors, by Larry A. Nuttbrock12. Sex Work and Antiretroviral Therapy among Transwomen of Color Living with HIV in New York City, by Larry A. NuttbrockSection VI. Transgender Sex Work in Different Cultural Settings13. Sex Work in Turkey: Experiences of Transwomen, by Ceylan Engin14. Hijras/Transwomen and Sex Work in India: From Marginalization to Social Protection, by Venkatesan Chakrapani, Peter A. Newman, and Ernest Noronha15. Transgender Sex Work in Brazil: Historico-Cultural Perspectives, by Don Kulick16. the Changing Landscape of Transgender Sex Work, Pimping, and Trafficking in Brazil, by Barry M. Wolfe17. Sociocultural Context of Sex Work among Mak Nyah (Transgender Women) in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, by Tooru Nemoto, Rebecca de Guzman, Yik Koon Teh, Mariko Iwamoto, and Karen Trocki18. Sociocultural Context of Health among Kathoey (Transwomen) and Female Sex Workers in Bangkok, Thailand, by Tooru Nemoto, Usaneya Perngparn, Chitlada Areesantichai, Mariko Iwamato, Charlene Bumanglag, and Julia Moore19. Transgender Sex Work in the Andean Region: Between Vulnerability and Resilience, by Ximena Salazar, Aron Núnez-Curto, Angélica Motta, and Carlos F. Cáceres20. Transgender Sex Work in Spain: Psychosocial Profile and Mental Health, by Rafael Ballester-Arnal, Maria Dolores Gil-Llario, Jesús Castro-Calvo, Trinidad Bergero-Miguel, and José Guzmán-Parra21. Prevalence and Associated Factors of Condomless Receptive Anal Intercourse with Male Clients among Transwomen Sex Workers in Shenyang, China, by Zixin Wang, Joseph T. F. Lau, Yong Cai, Jinghua Li, Tiecheng Ma, and Yan LiuSection VII. Care and Treatment of Transgender Sex Workers22. Issues in the Care and Treatment of Transwomen Sex Workers, by Asa Radix and Zil GoldsteinSection VIII. Criminal Justice Versus Public Health Perspectives on Transgender Sex Work23. Police Abuse, Depressive Symptoms, and High-Risk Sexual Behavior for HIV among Transwomen, by Larry A. Nuttbrock24. Criminal Justice versus Health and Human Rights Perspectives on Transgender Sex Work, by Tara Lyons, Leslie Pierre, Andrea Krüsi, and Kate ShannonSection IX. Analytic Summary and Directions for Further Study25. Analytic Summary and Directions for Further Study, by Walter Bockting and Larry A. NuttbrockContributorsGlossaryIndex