Carl Lostritto is an associate professor and graduate program director at RISD Architecture. His teaching, practice, and research explores the intersections between computation and representation. Viola Ago is an Albanian architectural designer and researcher. She directs MIRACLES Architecture and recently held the Wortham fellowship at the Rice University School of Architecture.Julie Kress is a lecturer at the University of Tennessee Knoxville College of Architecture + Design. Her work straddles across realms of architecture, exhibition design, and research in digital media.Hans Tursack recently served as the MIT Pietro Belluschi research fellow. His writing and scholarly work have appeared in Perspecta, Pidgin, Thresholds, Log Dimensions, Archinect, and the Architects Newspaper.

• 9 Acknowledgments11 IntroductionCHAPTER 119 Bits Mapped21 The Pixel23 Constructing Elements in Pursuitof Impossibility25 1988, the Year of the Pixel31 Pixel Creating Cultures40 Preserving the Pixel, Releasing Stylefrom Technology45 The Contemporary Binary BitmappedSurface48 Draw by hand within the space ofa digital image78 Resolve to true or false with tonsof informationCHAPTER 283 Every Grid is MaterialBY JULIE KRESS87 Every tool is Pre-Gridded89 Every Grid is Aesthetic94 Every Grid is Constructed99 Every Grid is Imposed102 Build and Break a Scaffold105 Every grid wants to go on infinitely107 Every grid has mass112 Contain a Grid115 Every grid does not need to bethe same118 Un-Standardized FixturesCHAPTER 3123 Using a Tree toRepresent a Tree127 Bonsai is an Action and an Element128 Books About Bonsai are LikeThis Book129 The Tree Behind the Tree133 Designing Tools to Control or ReleaseNatural Randomness140 Random Salt Crystals142 Who is the “User-Author”?143 Using Software the Wrong Way149 A Tree Yet Rendered is ThreeHundred Text Files in a Folder150 Sometimes a Tree Looks Nothinglike a Tree154 Everything is Bonsai when in Pursuitof Bonsai156 Over Time, of Time159 The Pot is a DioramaCHAPTER 4165 A Room that Becomesa Diorama; A DioramaAfflicted with Room Envy167 Almost but not Quite a Diorama:The Room, its Powers, and its Limits172 Model your space with every regard fordetail and no regard for accuracy173 All Apertures Become Dioramas184 The Room as a Diorama188 Model from Memory189 American Landscape as Diorama196 Like (Performed) Magic208 Can a Diorama be Separated fromIts Content?