David Darmofal is an associate professor of political science at the University of South Carolina. His research focuses on spatial analysis, political geography, and political behavior. He is the author of Spatial Analysis for the Social Sciences in Cambridge University Press’s Analytical Methods for Social Research book series. His work has also appeared in a variety of journals including the American Journal of Political Science, Journal of Politics, and Political Geography. He has received best article awards from the Journal of Politics and Political Research Quarterly. His current research examines the spatial dimension in a variety of political behaviors. Ryan Strickler is an Assistant Professor of Political Science at Colorado State University at Pueblo. His research focuses on partisanship and polarization of the U.S. public, as well as the role group identity plays in shaping political reasoning and behavior. He also has interests in public and nonprofit administration, informed by his MPA as well as years working in the nonprofit sector. His published and forthcoming research can be found in Political Research Quarterly, Perspectives on Politics, and Social Science Quarterly. He received his PhD in Political Science from the University of South Carolina in 2017.

• 1 Introduction.- 2 Beyond “Red State, Blue State": The Political Geography of Presidential Competition, 1828-2016.- 3 Geographic Polarization in Historical Perspective.- 4 Modeling the Political Geography of Presidential Voting.- 5 Clinton vs. Trump: Back to the Future?.- 6 Conclusion.

David Darmofal is an associate professor of political science at the University of South Carolina. His research focuses on spatial analysis, political geography, and political behavior. He is the author of Spatial Analysis for the Social Sciences in Cambridge University Press’s Analytical Methods for Social Research book series. His work has also appeared in a variety of journals including the American Journal of Political Science, Journal of Politics, and Political Geography. He has received best article awards from the Journal of Politics and Political Research Quarterly. His current research examines the spatial dimension in a variety of political behaviors. Ryan Strickler is an Assistant Professor of Political Science at Colorado State University at Pueblo. His research focuses on partisanship and polarization of the U.S. public, as well as the role group identity plays in shaping political reasoning and behavior. He also has interests in public and nonprofit administration, informed by his MPA as well as years working in the nonprofit sector. His published and forthcoming research can be found in Political Research Quarterly, Perspectives on Politics, and Social Science Quarterly. He received his PhD in Political Science from the University of South Carolina in 2017.

• 1 Introduction.- 2 Beyond “Red State, Blue State": The Political Geography of Presidential Competition, 1828-2016.- 3 Geographic Polarization in Historical Perspective.- 4 Modeling the Political Geography of Presidential Voting.- 5 Clinton vs. Trump: Back to the Future?.- 6 Conclusion.

David Darmofal is an associate professor of political science at the University of South Carolina. His research focuses on spatial analysis, political geography, and political behavior. He is the author of Spatial Analysis for the Social Sciences in Cambridge University Press’s Analytical Methods for Social Research book series. His work has also appeared in a variety of journals including the American Journal of Political Science, Journal of Politics, and Political Geography. He has received best article awards from the Journal of Politics and Political Research Quarterly. His current research examines the spatial dimension in a variety of political behaviors. Ryan Strickler is an Assistant Professor of Political Science at Colorado State University at Pueblo. His research focuses on partisanship and polarization of the U.S. public, as well as the role group identity plays in shaping political reasoning and behavior. He also has interests in public and nonprofit administration, informed by his MPA as well as years working in the nonprofit sector. His published and forthcoming research can be found in Political Research Quarterly, Perspectives on Politics, and Social Science Quarterly. He received his PhD in Political Science from the University of South Carolina in 2017.

• 1 Introduction.- 2 Beyond “Red State, Blue State": The Political Geography of Presidential Competition, 1828-2016.- 3 Geographic Polarization in Historical Perspective.- 4 Modeling the Political Geography of Presidential Voting.- 5 Clinton vs. Trump: Back to the Future?.- 6 Conclusion.