​Jeffrey S. Markowitz, DrPH, is an epidemiologist who has authored three books, Pigskin Crossroads: The Epidemiology of Concussions in the National Football League (NFL), 2010-2012 (2013), Lost Seasons: Arrests, Suspensions, Career Chaos, and Mortality Among National Football League (NFL) Players (2016), and Mortality and Its Risk Factors Among Professional Athletes: A Comparison Between Former NBA and NFL Players (Springer, 2018). From 1983 to 1992, Dr. Markowitz was an adjunct assistant professor of Public Health at the School of Public Health at Columbia University in New York, NY, USA.

• Preface.- List of Tables and Figures.- Part I - The Backstory.- The Roots of Baseball in the US.- A Mini-history of Latin America and Professional Baseball.- Literature and Statistical Review of Race/Hispanic Origin and Mortality.- Part II - Empirical Study Description and Preliminary Results.- Study Methods.- Births and Deaths in the Study Cohort.- Preliminary Testing of Main Study Hypotheses.- Part III - Other Independent Variables and More Definitive Testing of Study Hypotheses.- The Role of Educational Attainment.- Examination of Other Independent Variables.- Final Multivariate Testing of Study Hypotheses.- Part IV - External Analysis and Discussion.- Comparison of Mortality Rates Between Major League Baseball Players and the General Population .- Summary, Conclusions, and Implications.

​Jeffrey S. Markowitz, DrPH, is an epidemiologist who has authored three books, Pigskin Crossroads: The Epidemiology of Concussions in the National Football League (NFL), 2010-2012 (2013), Lost Seasons: Arrests, Suspensions, Career Chaos, and Mortality Among National Football League (NFL) Players (2016), and Mortality and Its Risk Factors Among Professional Athletes: A Comparison Between Former NBA and NFL Players (Springer, 2018). From 1983 to 1992, Dr. Markowitz was an adjunct assistant professor of Public Health at the School of Public Health at Columbia University in New York, NY, USA.

• Preface.- List of Tables and Figures.- Part I - The Backstory.- The Roots of Baseball in the US.- A Mini-history of Latin America and Professional Baseball.- Literature and Statistical Review of Race/Hispanic Origin and Mortality.- Part II - Empirical Study Description and Preliminary Results.- Study Methods.- Births and Deaths in the Study Cohort.- Preliminary Testing of Main Study Hypotheses.- Part III - Other Independent Variables and More Definitive Testing of Study Hypotheses.- The Role of Educational Attainment.- Examination of Other Independent Variables.- Final Multivariate Testing of Study Hypotheses.- Part IV - External Analysis and Discussion.- Comparison of Mortality Rates Between Major League Baseball Players and the General Population .- Summary, Conclusions, and Implications.

​Jeffrey S. Markowitz, DrPH, is an epidemiologist who has authored three books, Pigskin Crossroads: The Epidemiology of Concussions in the National Football League (NFL), 2010-2012 (2013), Lost Seasons: Arrests, Suspensions, Career Chaos, and Mortality Among National Football League (NFL) Players (2016), and Mortality and Its Risk Factors Among Professional Athletes: A Comparison Between Former NBA and NFL Players (Springer, 2018). From 1983 to 1992, Dr. Markowitz was an adjunct assistant professor of Public Health at the School of Public Health at Columbia University in New York, NY, USA.

• Preface.- List of Tables and Figures.- Part I - The Backstory.- The Roots of Baseball in the US.- A Mini-history of Latin America and Professional Baseball.- Literature and Statistical Review of Race/Hispanic Origin and Mortality.- Part II - Empirical Study Description and Preliminary Results.- Study Methods.- Births and Deaths in the Study Cohort.- Preliminary Testing of Main Study Hypotheses.- Part III - Other Independent Variables and More Definitive Testing of Study Hypotheses.- The Role of Educational Attainment.- Examination of Other Independent Variables.- Final Multivariate Testing of Study Hypotheses.- Part IV - External Analysis and Discussion.- Comparison of Mortality Rates Between Major League Baseball Players and the General Population .- Summary, Conclusions, and Implications.