Traumatic Brain Injury

Etrusca Brogi, MD, is an intensivist specializing in Neuroanaesthesia and Neurointensive Care at Pisa University Hospital. Her principal filed of interest are the management of the polytrauma patient, especially spinal and head trauma, and intra / inter hospital transfers of critically ill patients. She served as reviewer for various journals, and she authored several articles published in long-time indexed journal on ultrasound in intensive care, and trauma brain injury. She is also the author of several chapter for Springer book series. Federico Coccolini, MD,   is Professor of Surgery at the Pisa Universuty and consultant in general, emergency and trauma surgery at the Pisa University Hospital, one of the biggest Level I trauma centres in Italy. He has a deep and documented experience in managing post-traumatic and non-post-traumatic patients. His principal interests are emergency surgery, trauma surgery, advanced oncology, oncologic gastrointestinal surgery, laparoscopic and minimally invasive surgery, tissue engineering and experimental surgery, evidence-based medicine, and surgery. He is the principal investigator of multicentre studies and registers, and authored hundreds of papers and tens of book chapters. He edited a Textbook of Emergency General Surgery, several books and a book series. He served as reviewer for several journals. He is the Vice President of the World Society of Emergency Surgery (WSES) and of the World Journal of Emergency Surgery (WJES), head of the scientific committee of the EVTM Society, member of the Executive Committee of the Italian Society of Emergency Surgery and Trauma, Italian Society of Geriatric Surgery and of the Italian Society of Surgical Physiopathology. Prof. Coccolini is a recognized world opinion leader in emergency general surgery and trauma.Eric J. Ley, MD, FACS, is a surgeon specializing in trauma and acute care surgery in the Department of Surgery at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center. He is a Professor of Surgery at Cedars-Sinai and Health Sciences Clinical Professor at the University of California, Los Angeles. Dr. Ley is the Medical Director of the Surgical Intensive Care Unit and Program Director of the Trauma and Surgical Critical Care Fellowship. His benchtop research focus is on the mechanisms for secondary injury after trauma with a focus on the role of the beta adrenergic response. Dr. Ley's clinical research centers on the human factors in surgery systems, serving as co editor for a textbook on this subject.  Dr. Ley has a specific interest in preventing venous thromboembolism after trauma and recently led the efforts to revise the national guidelines for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis for the Western Trauma Association.Alex Valadka, MD, serves as Professor of Neurological Surgery at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center in Dallas, where he is Chief of Neurological Surgery at Parkland Memorial Hospital. Hehas had a career-long clinical and research interest in neurotrauma and critical care, including numerous papers, presentations, research grants, courses, seminars, and visiting professorships. He has served in numerous leadership roles in neurosurgery and neurotrauma, including President of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons, Director of the American Board of Neurological Surgery, Chair of the Neurosurgical Specialty Group of the American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma, and membership on numerous study sections, data and safety monitoring boards, and similar activities for the NIH and other organizations.

• Part-1: General Considerations. History of traumatic brain injury and the evolution of neuromonitoring: an overview.- The importance of pathways: Trauma Center and Neurocritical care unit.- The central role of specialized Neurocritical Care Team: Standards of Neurologic Critical Care Units.- The central role of specialized Neurocritical Care Team: nursing perspective in neurocritical care practice.- Part-2: Diagnosis and neuromonitoring. Clinical evaluation: neurological examination and standardized scales.- Neuroradiological imaging.- Interactions between volumes, flows and pressures in the brain: intracranial pressure, cerebral perfusion pressure, cerebral autoregulation and the concept of compensatory reserve.- Non-invasive neuromonitoring: Near infrared spectroscopy and Pupillometry.- Non-invasive neuromonitoring: Neurosonology - TCD, TCCD and optic nerve ultrasound.- Neurophysiology: EEG and Evoked potentials.- Brain oxygen measurements and cerebral metabolism: Brain tissue oxygenation (PbtO2), Jugular bulb oximetry, intracerebral microdialysis, and the role of brain injury biomarkers.- Future direction: Multimodality monitoring and machine learning.- Out of hospital management of trauma brain injury.- Sedation, pain and delirium management.- Intracranial pressure management: The stepwise approach.- Ventilation strategy and the timing of tracheotomy: a different approach in trauma?.- Systemic hemodynamics monitoring & Blood pressure target during acute brain injury.- Temperature control and the role of therapeutic hypothermia.- Coagulation, transfusion, reversal of anticoagulant and antiplatelet agents, and thromboembolism prophylaxis in acute brain injury: point of care test and treatment.- Fluid management and Hyperosmolar therapy in neurotrauma.- Neurosurgical treatment and the role of Decompressive craniotomy.- Multiple trauma management: treatment of abdominal injury in combination with trauma brain injury.- Polycompartment syndrome in severe trauma braininjury.- Seizure: prophylaxis and treatment in acute brain injury.- Endocrine consequence of traumatic brain injury.- Infection management in neurocritical care setting.- Trauma brain injury in pregnant patients.- Trauma brain injury in pediatric patients.- Trauma brain injury in elderly patients.- Part- 4: Final Considerations. Prognostication and treatment-limiting decisions after severe traumatic brain injury .- Clinical and bioethical perspective on brain death, organ donation, and family communication.- Long-term outcome and the role of Neurorehabilitation after severe Traumatic brain injury.