A model theory that is independent of any concrete logical system allows a general handling of a large variety of logics. This generality can be achieved by applying the theory of institutions that provides a precise general mathematical formulation for the intuitive concept of a logical system. Especially in computer science, where the development of a huge number of specification logics is observable, institution-independent model theory simplifies and sometimes even enables a concise model-theoretic analysis of the system. Besides incorporating important methods and concepts from conventional model theory, the proposed axiomatic top-down methodology allows for a structurally clean understanding of model-theoretic phenomena. Consequently, results from conventional concrete model theory can be understood more easily, and sometimes even new results are obtained. Moreover, all this is also applied to non-classical model theories.This second edition introduces some novelties in the presentation style which aim to enhance the readability of the material and the proofs. Additional chapters have also been added.
