Dr. Ong Meng Chuan is an Associate Professor in the Marine Science Program at the Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT). He holds a doctoral degree in Marine Pollution, specifically metals pollution, from the University of South Brittany, France. He is actively involved in teaching, research, and knowledge transfer programs for communities and school children. He is actively engaged in research and formed a Research Interest Group, Ocean Pollution, and Ecotoxicology (OPEC) Research Group, among UMT researchers and other institutions in Malaysia. He is currently mentoring 5 postgraduates pursuing their Ph.D. and M.Sc. degrees by research. He has successfully guided 9 postgraduate students (3 PhD and 8 M.Sc.) as principal and co-supervisor until project completion and graduation. Besides, he has also supervised 62 undergraduate final-year research projects as the main and co-supervisor. He has published over 80 research outputs in scientific journals, book chapters, and conference papers. He was also appointed an Associate Fellow at the Institute of Oceanography and Environment, UMT. He was also appointed as an evaluator for the Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE) research grant in 2019. In September 2022, he was appointed Head of the Marine Science Program under the Faculty of Science and Marine Environment. Dr. Naima Hamid is a lecturer in the Marine Science Program at the University Malaysia Terengganu (UMT), Malaysia. Previously, she was an Assistant Professor in the Department of Environmental Sciences at Lahore College for Women University, Pakistan. Her research interests primarily focus on ecotoxicology and risk assessment of hazardous chemicals in environmental matrices. She holds the position of the editorial board member of the Science of the Total Environment and Journal of Hazardous Materials. She is involved in teaching, knowledge transfer programs, and activity-based community learning. Dr. Hamid received her doctoral degree from the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), China, with the Chinese Academy of Sciences-The World Academy of Sciences (CAS-TWAS) presidential scholarship for three years (2017-2020). Dr. Hamid has authored and co-authored two books published by Springer Nature Publishers and Bentham Science Publishers. She is an active member of the Ocean Pollution, and Ecotoxicology (OPEC) Research Group, in Malaysia. She has contributed significantly to her field with 44 research articles and book chapters published in indexed and high-impact factor journals.Dr. Adiana Ghazali is a lecturer in the Marine Science Program at the Faculty of Science and awarded the prestigious UMT’s Tuanku Canselor scholarship throughout her doctoral degree and was appointed as a chartered chemist under the Malaysian Institute of Chemistry. Currently, she is actively engaged in community and school-based learning, research, knowledge transfer programs, mentoring undergraduate and postgraduate students, and is a part of the Research Interest Group, Ocean Pollution and Ecotoxicology (OPEC) Research Group, UMT. She has published over 40 research papers in indexed and high-impact journals. Her research interests are focused on understanding metals and rare earth elements with the application of spectrometric and chemometrics techniques in correlation to the geochemistry aspects and water quality in the aquatic ecosystem.

• Part I. Introduction.- Chapter 1. An Introduction to Marine Ecosystem: Environmental and Economic Impacts.- Part II. Sampling Methodology of Pollution Assessment in the Marine Ecosystem.- Chapter 2. Monitoring of the Environmental Indicators in the Marine Ecosystem.- Chapter 3. The Study Methods of the Marine Benthic Community Structures.- Chapter 4. Sampling Procedures for Primary Producers in Marine Ecosystems.- Chapter 5. Approaches to Marine Invertebrate Sampling for Environmental Health Monitoring and Scientific Research: From Methodologies to Applications.- Chapter 6. Sampling Methods of Fish in the Marine Ecosystem.- Chapter 7. Migration and Chemical Transformation of Pollutants in the Marine Ecosystem.- Part III. Microscale Toxicity Testing of Pollutants at Various Biological Levels.- Chapter 8. Tracing the Impact of Heavy Metals on Marine Ecosystems: A Scientometric Analysis of Biological, Metabolic, and Genetic Responses.- Chapter 9. Pharmaceutically Active Compounds (PhACs) in Biota of Asian Countries: Occurrence, Distribution and Health Risk Assessment.- Chapter 10. Molecular Pathways of Emerging Pollutants in the Marine Ecosystem.- Chapter 11. Molecular Pathways of Microplastics in the Marine Ecosystem.- Chapter 12. A Review Notes on Role, Behavior, Risk Assessment Tools and Adverse Outcomes of Metal and Microplastic Pollution in Benthic Sea Food Ecosystem.- Chapter 13. Factors Affecting Bioavailability and Toxicity of Lead, Mercury, Organochlorides, Antibiotics, and Micro- and Nanoplastics in Marine and Oceanic Sediments.- Chapter 14. Nitrate and Coral Reefs in South East Asia.- Part IV. Marine Toxicological Assessment via Qsar-Based Tools.- Chapter 15. Toxicity in the 21st Century (Tox-21): A Multidisciplinary Approach for Toxicity Prediction for Marine Organic Pollutants.- Chapter 16. Predictive Tox-21 Methods for Assessing Emerging Pollutants in the Marine Environment.- Chapter 17. Risk Analysis for the Sungai Buloh River and Estuary.- Chapter 18. Concluding Remarks.

Dr. Ong Meng Chuan is an Associate Professor in the Marine Science Program at the Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT). He holds a doctoral degree in Marine Pollution, specifically metals pollution, from the University of South Brittany, France. He is actively involved in teaching, research, and knowledge transfer programs for communities and school children. He is actively engaged in research and formed a Research Interest Group, Ocean Pollution, and Ecotoxicology (OPEC) Research Group, among UMT researchers and other institutions in Malaysia. He is currently mentoring 5 postgraduates pursuing their Ph.D. and M.Sc. degrees by research. He has successfully guided 9 postgraduate students (3 PhD and 8 M.Sc.) as principal and co-supervisor until project completion and graduation. Besides, he has also supervised 62 undergraduate final-year research projects as the main and co-supervisor. He has published over 80 research outputs in scientific journals, book chapters, and conference papers. He was also appointed an Associate Fellow at the Institute of Oceanography and Environment, UMT. He was also appointed as an evaluator for the Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE) research grant in 2019. In September 2022, he was appointed Head of the Marine Science Program under the Faculty of Science and Marine Environment. Dr. Naima Hamid is a lecturer in the Marine Science Program at the University Malaysia Terengganu (UMT), Malaysia. Previously, she was an Assistant Professor in the Department of Environmental Sciences at Lahore College for Women University, Pakistan. Her research interests primarily focus on ecotoxicology and risk assessment of hazardous chemicals in environmental matrices. She holds the position of the editorial board member of the Science of the Total Environment and Journal of Hazardous Materials. She is involved in teaching, knowledge transfer programs, and activity-based community learning. Dr. Hamid received her doctoral degree from the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), China, with the Chinese Academy of Sciences-The World Academy of Sciences (CAS-TWAS) presidential scholarship for three years (2017-2020). Dr. Hamid has authored and co-authored two books published by Springer Nature Publishers and Bentham Science Publishers. She is an active member of the Ocean Pollution, and Ecotoxicology (OPEC) Research Group, in Malaysia. She has contributed significantly to her field with 44 research articles and book chapters published in indexed and high-impact factor journals.Dr. Adiana Ghazali is a lecturer in the Marine Science Program at the Faculty of Science and awarded the prestigious UMT’s Tuanku Canselor scholarship throughout her doctoral degree and was appointed as a chartered chemist under the Malaysian Institute of Chemistry. Currently, she is actively engaged in community and school-based learning, research, knowledge transfer programs, mentoring undergraduate and postgraduate students, and is a part of the Research Interest Group, Ocean Pollution and Ecotoxicology (OPEC) Research Group, UMT. She has published over 40 research papers in indexed and high-impact journals. Her research interests are focused on understanding metals and rare earth elements with the application of spectrometric and chemometrics techniques in correlation to the geochemistry aspects and water quality in the aquatic ecosystem.

• Part I. Introduction.- Chapter 1. An Introduction to Marine Ecosystem: Environmental and Economic Impacts.- Part II. Sampling Methodology of Pollution Assessment in the Marine Ecosystem.- Chapter 2. Monitoring of the Environmental Indicators in the Marine Ecosystem.- Chapter 3. The Study Methods of the Marine Benthic Community Structures.- Chapter 4. Sampling Procedures for Primary Producers in Marine Ecosystems.- Chapter 5. Approaches to Marine Invertebrate Sampling for Environmental Health Monitoring and Scientific Research: From Methodologies to Applications.- Chapter 6. Sampling Methods of Fish in the Marine Ecosystem.- Chapter 7. Migration and Chemical Transformation of Pollutants in the Marine Ecosystem.- Part III. Microscale Toxicity Testing of Pollutants at Various Biological Levels.- Chapter 8. Tracing the Impact of Heavy Metals on Marine Ecosystems: A Scientometric Analysis of Biological, Metabolic, and Genetic Responses.- Chapter 9. Pharmaceutically Active Compounds (PhACs) in Biota of Asian Countries: Occurrence, Distribution and Health Risk Assessment.- Chapter 10. Molecular Pathways of Emerging Pollutants in the Marine Ecosystem.- Chapter 11. Molecular Pathways of Microplastics in the Marine Ecosystem.- Chapter 12. A Review Notes on Role, Behavior, Risk Assessment Tools and Adverse Outcomes of Metal and Microplastic Pollution in Benthic Sea Food Ecosystem.- Chapter 13. Factors Affecting Bioavailability and Toxicity of Lead, Mercury, Organochlorides, Antibiotics, and Micro- and Nanoplastics in Marine and Oceanic Sediments.- Chapter 14. Nitrate and Coral Reefs in South East Asia.- Part IV. Marine Toxicological Assessment via Qsar-Based Tools.- Chapter 15. Toxicity in the 21st Century (Tox-21): A Multidisciplinary Approach for Toxicity Prediction for Marine Organic Pollutants.- Chapter 16. Predictive Tox-21 Methods for Assessing Emerging Pollutants in the Marine Environment.- Chapter 17. Risk Analysis for the Sungai Buloh River and Estuary.- Chapter 18. Concluding Remarks.

Dr. Ong Meng Chuan is an Associate Professor in the Marine Science Program at the Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT). He holds a doctoral degree in Marine Pollution, specifically metals pollution, from the University of South Brittany, France. He is actively involved in teaching, research, and knowledge transfer programs for communities and school children. He is actively engaged in research and formed a Research Interest Group, Ocean Pollution, and Ecotoxicology (OPEC) Research Group, among UMT researchers and other institutions in Malaysia. He is currently mentoring 5 postgraduates pursuing their Ph.D. and M.Sc. degrees by research. He has successfully guided 9 postgraduate students (3 PhD and 8 M.Sc.) as principal and co-supervisor until project completion and graduation. Besides, he has also supervised 62 undergraduate final-year research projects as the main and co-supervisor. He has published over 80 research outputs in scientific journals, book chapters, and conference papers. He was also appointed an Associate Fellow at the Institute of Oceanography and Environment, UMT. He was also appointed as an evaluator for the Ministry of Higher Education (MOHE) research grant in 2019. In September 2022, he was appointed Head of the Marine Science Program under the Faculty of Science and Marine Environment. Dr. Naima Hamid is a lecturer in the Marine Science Program at the University Malaysia Terengganu (UMT), Malaysia. Previously, she was an Assistant Professor in the Department of Environmental Sciences at Lahore College for Women University, Pakistan. Her research interests primarily focus on ecotoxicology and risk assessment of hazardous chemicals in environmental matrices. She holds the position of the editorial board member of the Science of the Total Environment and Journal of Hazardous Materials. She is involved in teaching, knowledge transfer programs, and activity-based community learning. Dr. Hamid received her doctoral degree from the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), China, with the Chinese Academy of Sciences-The World Academy of Sciences (CAS-TWAS) presidential scholarship for three years (2017-2020). Dr. Hamid has authored and co-authored two books published by Springer Nature Publishers and Bentham Science Publishers. She is an active member of the Ocean Pollution, and Ecotoxicology (OPEC) Research Group, in Malaysia. She has contributed significantly to her field with 44 research articles and book chapters published in indexed and high-impact factor journals.Dr. Adiana Ghazali is a lecturer in the Marine Science Program at the Faculty of Science and awarded the prestigious UMT’s Tuanku Canselor scholarship throughout her doctoral degree and was appointed as a chartered chemist under the Malaysian Institute of Chemistry. Currently, she is actively engaged in community and school-based learning, research, knowledge transfer programs, mentoring undergraduate and postgraduate students, and is a part of the Research Interest Group, Ocean Pollution and Ecotoxicology (OPEC) Research Group, UMT. She has published over 40 research papers in indexed and high-impact journals. Her research interests are focused on understanding metals and rare earth elements with the application of spectrometric and chemometrics techniques in correlation to the geochemistry aspects and water quality in the aquatic ecosystem.

• Part I. Introduction.- Chapter 1. An Introduction to Marine Ecosystem: Environmental and Economic Impacts.- Part II. Sampling Methodology of Pollution Assessment in the Marine Ecosystem.- Chapter 2. Monitoring of the Environmental Indicators in the Marine Ecosystem.- Chapter 3. The Study Methods of the Marine Benthic Community Structures.- Chapter 4. Sampling Procedures for Primary Producers in Marine Ecosystems.- Chapter 5. Approaches to Marine Invertebrate Sampling for Environmental Health Monitoring and Scientific Research: From Methodologies to Applications.- Chapter 6. Sampling Methods of Fish in the Marine Ecosystem.- Chapter 7. Migration and Chemical Transformation of Pollutants in the Marine Ecosystem.- Part III. Microscale Toxicity Testing of Pollutants at Various Biological Levels.- Chapter 8. Tracing the Impact of Heavy Metals on Marine Ecosystems: A Scientometric Analysis of Biological, Metabolic, and Genetic Responses.- Chapter 9. Pharmaceutically Active Compounds (PhACs) in Biota of Asian Countries: Occurrence, Distribution and Health Risk Assessment.- Chapter 10. Molecular Pathways of Emerging Pollutants in the Marine Ecosystem.- Chapter 11. Molecular Pathways of Microplastics in the Marine Ecosystem.- Chapter 12. A Review Notes on Role, Behavior, Risk Assessment Tools and Adverse Outcomes of Metal and Microplastic Pollution in Benthic Sea Food Ecosystem.- Chapter 13. Factors Affecting Bioavailability and Toxicity of Lead, Mercury, Organochlorides, Antibiotics, and Micro- and Nanoplastics in Marine and Oceanic Sediments.- Chapter 14. Nitrate and Coral Reefs in South East Asia.- Part IV. Marine Toxicological Assessment via Qsar-Based Tools.- Chapter 15. Toxicity in the 21st Century (Tox-21): A Multidisciplinary Approach for Toxicity Prediction for Marine Organic Pollutants.- Chapter 16. Predictive Tox-21 Methods for Assessing Emerging Pollutants in the Marine Environment.- Chapter 17. Risk Analysis for the Sungai Buloh River and Estuary.- Chapter 18. Concluding Remarks.